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This paper examines the meanings of womanhood as part of female leaders' social identities in relation to the different socio-cultural contexts of Poland and the Netherlands. The empirical study consists of interviews about gender and leadership with 25 female leaders in each country. A combination of content analysis and discourse analysis techniques was used in order to interpret the interviews. The results show both similarities and differences between the two samples in approaching the relevance of womanhood in the context of leadership. The interviewees' reactions are discussed from the perspective of the different inter-gender relationships in each country.

In this study, two different approaches, within one theoretical framework, were used to assess the impact of some public policy measures on the division of paid and unpaid work in the Netherlands. The first (macro-level) approach was based on the views of a panel of national experts; the second (micro-level) approach consisted of the analysis of information provided by members of households in a representative survey. In general, the results of the two studies indicate that the relevant policy measures have little, if any, impact on actual behaviour. In the survey study, the only variable that had a strong impact on both men's and women's behaviour was an attitude variable: egalitarianism. However, we conclude that the combination of methods, i.e. of the retrospective Delphi study with the cross-sectional survey, leads to better insight into the impact of the policy measures than each of the separate methods.