Suchergebnisse

In der Diskussion um Theorieansätze in den internationalen Beziehungen wird Hobbes seit längerem als zentrale Figur gewertet, welche im Strukturrealismus von Kenneth Waltz wie generell den Vertreter des rationalistischen Ansatzes der englischen Schule seine Nachfolger findet. Doch dies erweist sich als eine falsche Interpretation von Hobbes Lehre. Tatsächlich ist der postpositivistische Ansatz weit eher der Philosophie von Hobbes zuzuordnen, auch wenn hier Abstriche zu machen sind, da Hobbes Theorie der internationalen Beziehungen nicht auf dem Grundsatz der Anarchie fußt, sondern ideologische und legitimatorische Determinanten seine Vorstellung von politischer Ordnung bestimmen. (SWP-Krh)

The appearance of the pandemic A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenzavirus strain provided an opportunity for a clinical field trial of influenza vaccines in Canada during the winter of 1968-69. As by November 1968 there were reports of influenza B activity and as supplies of A2/HK/68 vaccines were limited, it was decided to make a series of strictly randomized double-blind trials comparing A2/HK/68 vaccines not only with B/Mass/66 vaccines but also with a bivalent vaccine that was already in production and contained B/Mass/66 and A2/Mtl/68, the latter a strain isolated in Canada during January 1968. In 4 trials, a total of 13 729 military personnel and 4 795 primary schoolchildren were vaccinated. Reported vaccine reactions were less than 0.1% with zonally-purified vaccines and 2.6% with the "standard" aqueous killed bivalent vaccine. Three children had serious reactions. Surveillance detected an outbreak of influenza in the first two trials on the military. The 3 vaccines containing A2 strains gave similar clinical protection conservatively estimated at 42-55% but probably about 80%. The effectiveness of the A2/Mtl/68 vaccine, which was in production before the Hong Kong variant had been isolated, was unexpected. In the absence of a vaccine specific to a new pandemic strain, it should not be assumed that a vaccine made from another recent strain could not be useful.

Objectives: The INCAPS COVID Oceania study aimed to assess the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac procedure volume provided in the Oceania region. Methods: A retrospective survey was performed comparing procedure volumes within March 2019 (pre-COVID-19) with April 2020 (during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic). Sixty-three (63) health care facilities within Oceania that perform cardiac diagnostic procedures were surveyed, including a mixture of metropolitan and regional, hospital and outpatient, public and private sites, and 846 facilities outside of Oceania. The percentage change in procedure volume was measured between March 2019 and April 2020, compared by test type and by facility. Results: In Oceania, the total cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was reduced by 52.2% from March 2019 to April 2020, compared to a reduction of 75.9% seen in the rest of the world (p<0.001). Within Oceania sites, this reduction varied significantly between procedure types, but not between types of health care facility. All procedure types (other than stress cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR] and positron emission tomography [PET]) saw significant reductions in volume over this time period (p<0.001). In Oceania, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) decreased by 51.6%, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) by 74.0%, and stress tests by 65% overall, which was more pronounced for stress electrocardiograph (ECG) (81.8%) and stress echocardiography (76.7%) compared to stress single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) (44.3%). Invasive coronary angiography decreased by 36.7% in Oceania. Conclusion: A significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was seen across all facility types in Oceania and was likely a function of recommendations from cardiac societies and directives from government to minimise spread of COVID-19 amongst patients and staff. Longer term evaluation is important to assess for negative patient outcomes which may relate to deferral of usual models of care within cardiology.