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The reduction of ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is a key objective for air pollution control policies in the UK and elsewhere. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 has been identified as a major contributor to adverse human health effects in epidemiological studies and underpins ambient PM 2.5 legislation. As a range of emission sources and atmospheric chemistry transport processes contribute to PM 2.5 concentrations, atmospheric chemistry transport models are an essential tool to assess emissions control effectiveness. The EMEP4UK atmospheric chemistry transport model was used to investigate the impact of reductions in UK anthropogenic emissions of primary PM 2.5 , NH 3 , NO x , SO x or non-methane VOC on surface concentrations of PM 2.5 in the UK for a recent year (2010) and for a future current legislation emission (CLE) scenario (2030). In general, the sensitivity to UK mitigation is rather small. A 30 % reduction in UK emissions of any one of the above components yields (for the 2010 simulation) a maximum reduction in PM 2.5 in any given location of ∼ 0.6 µg m −3 (equivalent to ∼ 6 % of the modelled PM 2.5 ). On average across the UK, the sensitivity of PM 2.5 concentrations to a 30 % reduction in UK emissions of individual contributing components, for both the 2010 and 2030 CLE baselines, increases in the order NMVOC, NO x , SO x , NH 3 and primary PM 2.5 ; however there are strong spatial differences in the PM 2.5 sensitivities across the UK. Consequently, the sensitivity of PM 2.5 to individual component emissions reductions varies between area and population weighting. Reductions in NH 3 have the greatest effect on area-weighted PM 2.5 . A full UK population weighting places greater emphasis on reductions of primary PM 2.5 emissions, which is simulated to be the most effective single-component control on PM 2.5 for the 2030 scenario. An important conclusion is that weighting corresponding to the average exposure indicator metric (using data from the 45 model grids containing a monitor whose measurements are used to calculate the UK AEI) further increases the emphasis on the effectiveness of primary PM 2.5 emissions reductions (and of NO x emissions reductions) relative to the effectiveness of NH 3 emissions reductions. Reductions in primary PM 2.5 have the largest impact on the AEI in both 2010 and the 2030 CLE scenario. The summation of the modelled reductions to the UK PM 2.5 AEI from 30 % reductions in UK emissions of primary PM 2.5 , NH 3 , SO x , NO x and VOC totals 1.17 and 0.82 µg m −3 for the 2010 and 2030 CLE simulations, respectively (not accounting for non-linearity).

The reduction of ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is a key objective for air pollution control policies in the UK and elsewhere. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 has been identified as a major contributor to adverse human health effects in epidemiological studies and underpins ambient PM 2.5 legislation. As a range of emission sources and atmospheric chemistry transport processes contribute to PM 2.5 concentrations, atmospheric chemistry transport models are an essential tool to assess emissions control effectiveness. The EMEP4UK atmospheric chemistry transport model was used to investigate the impact of reductions in UK anthropogenic emissions of primary PM 2.5 , NH3, NOx, SOx or non-methane VOC on surface concentrations of PM 2.5 in the UK for a recent year (2010) and for a future current legislation emission (CLE) scenario (2030). In general, the sensitivity to UK mitigation is rather small. A 30g% reduction in UK emissions of any one of the above components yields (for the 2010 simulation) a maximum reduction in PM 2.5 in any given location of g1/4 g0.6gμggmg'3 (equivalent to g1/4 g6g% of the modelled PM 2.5 ). On average across the UK, the sensitivity of PM 2.5 concentrations to a 30g% reduction in UK emissions of individual contributing components, for both the 2010 and 2030 CLE baselines, increases in the order NMVOC, NOx, SO x, NH3 and primary PM 2.5 ; however there are strong spatial differences in the PM 2.5 sensitivities across the UK. Consequently, the sensitivity of PM 2.5 to individual component emissions reductions varies between area and population weighting. Reductions in NH3 have the greatest effect on area-weighted PM 2.5 . A full UK population weighting places greater emphasis on reductions of primary PM 2.5 emissions, which is simulated to be the most effective single-component control on PM 2.5 for the 2030 scenario. An important conclusion is that weighting corresponding to the average exposure indicator metric (using data from the 45 model grids containing a monitor whose measurements are used to calculate the UK AEI) further increases the emphasis on the effectiveness of primary PM 2.5 emissions reductions (and of NOx emissions reductions) relative to the effectiveness of NH3 emissions reductions. Reductions in primary PM 2.5 have the largest impact on the AEI in both 2010 and the 2030 CLE scenario. The summation of the modelled reductions to the UK PM 2.5 AEI from 30g% reductions in UK emissions of primary PM 2.5 , NH3, SOx, NOx and VOC totals 1.17 and 0.82gμggmg'3 for the 2010 and 2030 CLE simulations, respectively (not accounting for non-linearity).

The reduction of ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a key objective for air pollution control policies in the UK and elsewhere. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 has been identified as a major contributor to adverse human health effects in epidemiological studies and underpins ambient PM2.5 legislation. As a range of emission sources and atmospheric chemistry transport processes contribute to PM2.5 concentrations, atmospheric chemistry transport models are an essential tool to assess emissions control effectiveness. The EMEP4UK atmospheric chemistry transport model was used to investigate the impact of reductions in UK anthropogenic emissions of primary PM2.5, NH3, NOx, SOx or non-methane VOC on surface concentrations of PM2.5 in the UK for a recent year (2010) and for a future current legislation emission (CLE) scenario (2030). In general, the sensitivity to UK mitigation is rather small. A 30 % reduction in UK emissions of any one of the above components yields (for the 2010 simulation) a maximum reduction in PM2.5 in any given location of ∼ 0.6 µg m−3 (equivalent to ∼ 6 % of the modelled PM2.5). On average across the UK, the sensitivity of PM2.5 concentrations to a 30 % reduction in UK emissions of individual contributing components, for both the 2010 and 2030 CLE baselines, increases in the order NMVOC, NOx, SOx, NH3 and primary PM2.5; however there are strong spatial differences in the PM2.5 sensitivities across the UK. Consequently, the sensitivity of PM2.5 to individual component emissions reductions varies between area and population weighting. Reductions in NH3 have the greatest effect on area-weighted PM2.5. A full UK population weighting places greater emphasis on reductions of primary PM2.5 emissions, which is simulated to be the most effective single-component control on PM2.5 for the 2030 scenario. An important conclusion is that weighting corresponding to the average exposure indicator metric (using data from the 45 model grids containing a monitor whose measurements are used to calculate the UK AEI) further increases the emphasis on the effectiveness of primary PM2.5 emissions reductions (and of NOx emissions reductions) relative to the effectiveness of NH3 emissions reductions. Reductions in primary PM2.5 have the largest impact on the AEI in both 2010 and the 2030 CLE scenario. The summation of the modelled reductions to the UK PM2.5 AEI from 30 % reductions in UK emissions of primary PM2.5, NH3, SOx, NOx and VOC totals 1.17 and 0.82 µg m−3 for the 2010 and 2030 CLE simulations, respectively (not accounting for non-linearity).