THE SUBURB IS A CONTEMPORARY UR FORM THAT SHOULD BE STUDIED FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE; THAT IS, ONE IN WHICH UR POLITICS IS VIEWED AS A "DECISION-MAKING PROCESS WHICH ORGANIZES SPACE IN A SOCIALLY MEANINGFUL MANNER." THE UR POLITICAL SYSTEM ACTS AS A WAY OF PERMITTING & LIMITING ACCESS TO SOCIALLY VALUED LOCATIONS. WIDE DIFFERENCES OF VARIOUS DISTRIBUTION FACTORS AMONG NATIONS, METROPOLITAN AREAS, & WITHIN METROPOLITAN AREAS MAY BE EMPIRICALLY OBSERVED. THE DISTRIBUTION ITSELF IS PART OF AN EXPLICITLY POLITICAL PROCESS. A MARKET STRUCTURED BY NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BUT SUBJECT TO LOCAL INFLUENCE IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF THE ALLOCATION PROCESS IN THE US. SUBURB FORMATION MAY BE VIEWED AS A SOLUTION OF POLITICAL CONFLICTS BY OPTING OUT RATHER THAN GIVING IN, WHICH SUGGESTS LINES FOR FUTURE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH. 2 TABLES. J. N. MAYER.
Background: For decades, the food industry has sought to deflect criticisms of its products and block public health legislation through a range of offensive and defensive strategies. More recently, food corporations have moved on to present themselves as "part of the solution" to the health problems their products cause. This strategic approach is characterised by appeasement, co-option and partnership, and involves incremental concessions and attempts to partner with health actors. This paper details how corporate practices have evolved and changed over the past two decades and gives some definition to what this new political economy signifies for the wider behaviours of corporations producing and selling harmful commodities. Methods: This paper draws on public health and political science literature to classify the food industry's "part of the solution" strategy into three broad components: regulatory responses and capture; relationship building; and market strategies. We detail the key characteristics and consequences of each component. Results: The three components of the food industry's "part of the solution" strategy all involve elements of appeasement and co- option. They also improve the political environment and resources of the food industry. Regulatory responses offer incremental concessions that seek to maintain corporate influence over governance processes and minimise the threat of regulations; relationship building fosters access to health and government stakeholders, and opportunities to acquire and maintain channels of direct influence; and market strategies to make products and portfolios healthier bolster the market share and revenue of food corporations while improving their public image. Conclusion: Rather being a signal of lost position and power, the food industry's repositioning as "part of the solution" has created a highly profitable political economy of 'healthy' food production, alongside continued production of unhealthy commodities, a strategy in which it is also less burdensome and conflictual for corporations to exercise political power and influence.
Journey of anatomy as a discipline began from crude ancient civilizations with credit to cadavers at the centre up to this modern computerized creativity with reference to magnanimity of cadavers and donors. The study investigated various limitations in acquiring cadavers amongst healthcare givers in southwestern Nigeria: awareness of bequest program, religious beliefs, socio-cultural heritage and family influences. Questionnaire-based proforma was adopted with three sections: facility, socio-demographics and donation characteristics containing 20-item self-administered Likert-style: 'yes', 'no' and 'not sure'. Facilities visited and formal permission sought to engage the middle-aged healthcare workers for one-month's period. Data subjected to statistical package for social scientists with statistical-significance taking as p<0.05. One-hundred-and-thirty-six middle-aged healthcare workers and above participated. Highest participants recorded in: tertiary institution; age group 50-54years; gender male; Ekiti indigenes; tertiary educational degrees; married workers; Christianity; and doctors by profession. Cronbach's alpha reliability value of 0.801 established the study to be second to excellence. Issues on bequest program, sources of cadaver and affection independently explained poor awareness and alienation to bequeathment affairs. Influential factors on bequeathment synonymously judged unquestionable religious beliefs, veritable socio-cultural traditions and family dominancy as militating factors. Typically, awareness on bequeathment was still pitiful as the criteria were only known in papers rather than the hearts of healthcare workers who were meant to propagate the crusade of bequeathment. The need to establish a global policy for bequeathment affairs including social, moral, political and financial needs for broadcast was conclusively accented, most especially, in Nigeria and the likes. El camino de la Anatomía como disciplina comenzó en las civilizaciones antiguas con un crédito central en los cadáveres hasta la aparición de la creatividad computarizada moderna en relación a la magnanimidad de cadáveres y donantes. Este estudio investigó varias limitaciones en la adquisición de cadáveres entre donantes del sistema de salud en el sudoeste de Nigeria: conocimiento del programa de legado, creencias religiosas, herencia socio-cultural e influencia familiar. El cuestionario adoptado estaba basado en una proforma con tres secciones: Facilidad, características de la donación y características socio-demográficas, que contienen 20 items autoadministrados al estilo de la escala de Likert: `Sí', `No' y `no estoy seguro'. Las instalaciones visitadas y el permiso formal requeridos para incluir a los trabajadores de mediana edad del Sistema de salud por el período de un mes. Los datos fueron sometidos al paquete estadístico para científicos sociales (SPSS) tomando como significación estadística valores de p<0.05. Participaron ciento treinta y seis trabajadores del Sistema de Salud de mediana edad y mayores. Los participantes mayores registrados en: institución terciaria; grupos de edadde 50-54años; del género masculino; Indìgenas Ekiti; grado educativo terciario; trabajadores casados; Cristianismo; y doctores de profesión. El valor de la confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach de 0.801 estableció al estudio en segundo lugar a la excelencia. Algunas cuestiones en el programa del legado, la procedencia del cadáver y el afecto explican el pobre conocimiento y la enajenación en los asuntos del legado. Los factores influyentes en el legado que se juzgaron como indiscutibles fueron: la creencia religiosa, las verdaderas tradiciones socio-culturales y la dominancia de la familia como factores limitantes. Típicamente, el conocimiento del legado seguía siendo lamentable pues los criterios seran solo conocidos en los papeles más que en los corazones de los trabajadores del Sistema de Salud que fueron elegidos para propagar la cruzada del legado. La necesidad de establecer una política global para los asuntos del legado incluyendo las necesidades sociales, morales, políticas y financieras de la difusión fue concluyentemente acentuada, especialmente, en Nigeria y similares.
Journey of anatomy as a discipline began from crude ancient civilizations with credit to cadavers at the centre up to this modern computerized creativity with reference to magnanimity of cadavers and donors. The study investigated various limitations in acquiring cadavers amongst healthcare givers in southwestern Nigeria: awareness of bequest program, religious beliefs, socio-cultural heritage and family influences. Questionnaire-based proforma was adopted with three sections: facility, socio-demographics and donation characteristics containing 20-item self-administered Likert-style: 'yes', 'no' and 'not sure'. Facilities visited and formal permission sought to engage the middle-aged healthcare workers for one-month's period. Data subjected to statistical package for social scientists with statistical-significance taking as p<0.05. One-hundred-and-thirty-six middle-aged healthcare workers and above participated. Highest participants recorded in: tertiary institution; age group 50-54years; gender male; Ekiti indigenes; tertiary educational degrees; married workers; Christianity; and doctors by profession. Cronbach's alpha reliability value of 0.801 established the study to be second to excellence. Issues on bequest program, sources of cadaver and affection independently explained poor awareness and alienation to bequeathment affairs. Influential factors on bequeathment synonymously judged unquestionable religious beliefs, veritable socio-cultural traditions and family dominancy as militating factors. Typically, awareness on bequeathment was still pitiful as the criteria were only known in papers rather than the hearts of healthcare workers who were meant to propagate the crusade of bequeathment. The need to establish a global policy for bequeathment affairs including social, moral, political and financial needs for broadcast was conclusively accented, most especially, in Nigeria and the likes. El camino de la Anatomía como disciplina comenzó en las civilizaciones antiguas con un crédito central en los cadáveres hasta la aparición de la creatividad computarizada moderna en relación a la magnanimidad de cadáveres y donantes. Este estudio investigó varias limitaciones en la adquisición de cadáveres entre donantes del sistema de salud en el sudoeste de Nigeria: conocimiento del programa de legado, creencias religiosas, herencia socio-cultural e influencia familiar. El cuestionario adoptado estaba basado en una proforma con tres secciones: Facilidad, características de la donación y características socio-demográficas, que contienen 20 items autoadministrados al estilo de la escala de Likert: `Sí', `No' y `no estoy seguro'. Las instalaciones visitadas y el permiso formal requeridos para incluir a los trabajadores de mediana edad del Sistema de salud por el período de un mes. Los datos fueron sometidos al paquete estadístico para científicos sociales (SPSS) tomando como significación estadística valores de p<0.05. Participaron ciento treinta y seis trabajadores del Sistema de Salud de mediana edad y mayores. Los participantes mayores registrados en: institución terciaria; grupos de edadde 50-54años; del género masculino; Indìgenas Ekiti; grado educativo terciario; trabajadores casados; Cristianismo; y doctores de profesión. El valor de la confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach de 0.801 estableció al estudio en segundo lugar a la excelencia. Algunas cuestiones en el programa del legado, la procedencia del cadáver y el afecto explican el pobre conocimiento y la enajenación en los asuntos del legado. Los factores influyentes en el legado que se juzgaron como indiscutibles fueron: la creencia religiosa, las verdaderas tradiciones socio-culturales y la dominancia de la familia como factores limitantes. Típicamente, el conocimiento del legado seguía siendo lamentable pues los criterios seran solo conocidos en los papeles más que en los corazones de los trabajadores del Sistema de Salud que fueron elegidos para propagar la cruzada del legado. La necesidad de establecer una política global para los asuntos del legado incluyendo las necesidades sociales, morales, políticas y financieras de la difusión fue concluyentemente acentuada, especialmente, en Nigeria y similares.
Background The public health community has become increasingly critical of the role that powerful corporations play in driving unhealthy diets, one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. While a substantial amount of work has examined the political strategies used by dominant processed food manufacturers that undermine public health, less attention has been paid to their use of market strategies to build and consolidate power. In this light, this paper aimed to systematically review and synthesise the market strategies deployed by dominant processed food manufacturers to increase and consolidate their power. Methods A systematic review and document analysis of public health, business, legal and media content databases (Scopus, Medline, ABI Inform, Business Source Complete, Thomas Reuters Westlaw, Lexis Advance, Factiva, NewsBank), and grey literature were conducted. Data extracted were analysed thematically using an approach informed by Porter's 'Five Forces' framework. Results 213 documents met inclusion criteria. The market strategies (n=21) and related practices of dominant processed food manufacturers identified in the documents were categorised into a typological framework consisting of six interconnected strategic objectives: i) reduce intense competition with equivalent sized rivals and maintaining dominance over smaller rivals; ii) raise barriers to market entry by new competitors; iii) counter the threat of market disruptors and drive dietary displacement in favour of their products; iv) increase firm buyer power over suppliers; v) increase firm seller power over retailers and distributors; and vi) leverage informational power asymmetries in relations with consumers. Conclusions The typological framework is well-placed to inform general and jurisdiction-specific market strategy analyses of dominant processed food manufacturers, and has the potential to assist in identifying countervailing public policies, such as those related to merger control, unfair trading practices, and public procurement, that could be used to address market-power imbalances as part of efforts to improve population diets.
Background The detrimental impact of dominant corporations active in health-harming commodity industries is well recognised. However, to date, existing analyses of the ways in which corporations influence health have paid limited attention to corporate market power. Accordingly, the public health implications of concentrated market structures, the use of anti-competitive market strategies, and the ways in which market power mediates the allocation and distribution of resources via market systems, remain relatively unexplored. To address this gap, this paper aimed to identify and explore key literature that could inform a comprehensive framework to examine corporate market power from a public health perspective. The ultra-processed food (UPF) industry was used to provide illustrative examples. Methods A scoping review of a diverse range of literature, including Industrial Organization, welfare economics, global political economy and antitrust policy, was conducted to identify important concepts and metrics that could be drawn upon within the field of public health to understand and explore market power. The Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model, a guiding principle of antitrust policy and the regulation of market power, was used as an organising framework. Results We described each of the components of the traditional SCP model and how they have historically been used to assess market power through examining the interrelations between the structure of industries and markets, the conduct of dominant firms, and the overall ability of markets and firms to efficiently allocate and distribute the scarce resources. Conclusion We argue that the SCP model is well-placed to broaden public health research into the ways in which corporations influence health. In addition, the development of a comprehensive framework based on the key findings of this paper could help the public health community to better engage with a set of policy and regulatory tools that have the potential to curb the concentration of corporate power for the betterment of population health.
The authors examine how health governance is being transformed amid globalization, characterized by the emergence of new actors and institutions, and the interplay of competing ideas about global health. They explore how this has affected the governance of specific health issues and how it relates to global governance more broadly.
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