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The publication of the two-volume work The American Soldier in 1949 (Stouffer, Samuel A., et al, Princeton, Princeton U Press), as part of the Studies in Social Psychology in World War II series, aroused great scholarly interest & debate. The books were highly praised & severely criticized, & their analysis of massive worldwide data on US Army troops were widely influential. The methodological contributions included attitude scaling & scalogram analysis, field experiments on interview effects, experiments on persuasion & attitude change, & detailed analyses of large datasets in conjunction with firsthand observations of behavior. The studies demonstrated the importance for group cohesion & morale of formal military organization in interaction with small-group processes. Data from combat troops showed a relatively low prevalence of intense hostility toward enemy soldiers. Obligatory aggression in the face of severe danger, it was concluded, was sustained because of external threat from the enemy together with authoritative direction from a cohesive social organization. Among the major ideas that developed or were elaborated out of the research of The American Soldier were the concepts of relative deprivation, reference groups, structured resentment, & social control of fear. Also, The American Soldier analyzed an unprecedented body of data on racial attitudes, showing that black soldiers strongly rejected segregation & discrimination & emphasized democratic & equalitarian values. This assessment suggests that these studies had important influences on social science & made permanent additions to basic knowledge. 83 References. AA

It is noted that sociol has often been criticized for not dealing adequately with soc change. A description is presented of change in US society from the 19th cent to its present advanced, industr, technological & integrated state. The hope is expressed that sociol may be on the verge of important advances in systematic substantive theory & may build at least partial deductive systems accounting for a large variety of soc phenomena in terms of quite simple structures. A Bibliog. A. Peskin.

Values, defined as generalized criteria of desirability, are deeply involved in all of the specialized areas treated in this issue. There remains a need to render explicit the first-order tasks for making data on values a viable part of societal selfawareness & self-direction, in an age of Great Societies. Values are important causal components in individual conduct & in the functioning of soc systems. To develop adequate indicators for the needed analysis will require major efforts & much ingenuity. Yet practicable methods already are available for the systematic empirical study of values. Because of the lack in the past of standardized measures & comprehensive reporting, the existing data are scanty, fragmentary, & diffuse. Yet cautious & imaginative use of existing information has added to our knowledge of distinctive value patterns in the US, & some illuminating comparisons have been made with other societies. Better data & more explicit analysis of value problems will enhance effectiveness of goal-achievement, widen the scope of awareness in decision-making, & provide enhanced capacities for sensing limits & hazards in current societal trends & policies. That new problems thereby will be created is inevitable, & not undesirable. HA.

Relations of values to unconventional warfare (UW) may be analyzed at 3 levels: (1) decision-making & policy at the nat'l level, (2) generalized PO, & (3) formation &use of special military forces. Attention is concentrated on (3). It is argued that the main US values are not incompatible with UW at the operational level, but that conflicts of values do result in uncertainty & ambiguity in nat'l policy. Certain common beliefs and stereotypes about UW are found to be in need of critical examination. US value-systems tend to stress ethical individualism & Active Mastery of Life. Values of technical competence & achievement would be important in the behavior of the highly selected & specially trained US forces which would participate in UW. Convictions concerning the justice of the nation's position, coupled with group involvement & the values attached to teamwork, are important in the behavior of US forces. Understanding of the complex nat'l value-pattern can aid in determining basic policy concerning UW. AA.

Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Chapter 1 It Can Be Done: Recovery from a National Failure of Nerve; Chapter 2 The Problem: Assessing Ethnic and Racial Relations; Chapter 3 Conflict Resolution and Mutual Accommodation: The Case of the Schools; Chapter 4 The Fluid Mosaic: Ethnicity and Residence in American Communities; Chapter 5 Processes of Change and Stability: Basic Modes of Influence; Chapter 6 Persuasion and Inducement; Chapter 7 The Uses of Constraint: Power, Authority, and Threat Systems in Intergroup Relations; Chapter 8 Strategy and Tactics in Collective Action

A questionnaire study of a weighted cross-section of 2,975 male undergraduates of 11 US Coll. on the question of attitudes toward the Korean war. Responses to a 3-item Guttman attitudes toward the Korean War scale (CofR .96) and 7-item Guttman scale (CofR .94) of willingness to enter the army, is inspected in relation to 3 dimensions: (1) Ideological conviction-general value orientation toward political matters, (2) Partisan allegiance-Ss specific position on controversial political problems, and (3) Political knowledge-grades achieved, general information, and scores on the Selective Service College Qualification Test. Findings: (1) 'The more one believes we are fighting for an ideal, the more favorably is the Korean situation viewed.' (2) Interventionist students are more, isolationist students less favorable in their attitudes. (3) Political knowledge is related to ideological conviction in that, the more idealistic, and the more knowledge about world affairs Ss possess, the more favorable they are toward the Korean situation. (4) The more favorably the Korean situation is viewed, the more favorable is the Ss to being called into service. Amount of knowledge of current events does not affect attitude toward serving. Faith in the UN, and political issues as a whole, are not related to attitude towards serving. It appears that favorable attitude towards military service is more a result of faith than of facts. (See SA 1, 413). L. P. Chall.

A Common Destiny -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Conclusions -- SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS -- Blacks and Whites in a Changing Society -- Determinants of Black Status -- A RECORD OF THE STATUS OF BLACK AMERICANS -- Attitudes, Participation, Identity, and Institutions -- Political Participation -- Economic Status -- Schooling -- Health -- Crime and Criminal Justice -- Children and Families -- THE FUTURE: ALTERNATIVES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- Blacks' Status in the Near Future -- Residential Segregation -- Income and Poverty -- Policy Alternatives -- Black Perspectives -- CONCLUSION -- 1 Overview: Then and Now -- CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN BLACK-WHITE STATUS SINCE 1940 -- The Baseline Cohort -- The Most Recent Cohort -- Uneven Changes -- DATA, FINDINGS, AND INTERPRETATIONS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS -- Study Methods -- Determinants of Black Status -- Interpreting Data -- Explaining Black-White Differences -- Residential Segregation and Its Effects -- Description of the Report -- REFERENCES -- NOTE -- 2 Black Participation in American Society -- THE BASELINE PERIOD: 1935-1945 -- Social Relations Under Jim Crow -- Migration and Urbanization -- Rising Black Protest -- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SINCE 1945 -- The Military -- Desegregation of the Armed Forces -- The Modern Military -- Public Schools -- Trends in School Desegregation -- Effects of School Desegregation -- Resegregation Within Desegregated Schools -- Blacks, Whites, and School Desegregation -- PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND WORK ENVIRONMENTS -- Workplaces -- Labor Unions and Equal Employment -- RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION -- Metropolitan Areas -- Neighborhoods -- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL LIFE SINCE 1945 -- Churches And Religious Life -- Organized Sports -- ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 Racial Attitudes and Behavior.