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BARTH RECOMMENDS NOT-DOING; THE ROLE OF THE POLITICAN & DIPLOMAT IS FUTILE: HE OPPOSES ALL SYSTEMS AS ORIGINATING IN HUMAN PRIDE AND PRESUMING TO KNOW WHAT ONLY GOD CAN KNOW. THE STATE IS A "GRACELESS ORDER". HE OPPOSED NAZISM AS A PAGAN RELATION; ANTI-SEMITISM IS SIN AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST.

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THE CONTINUED INCIDENCE OF ARMED CONFLICT WITH AN EXPLICIT RELIGIOUS DIMENSION AND THE INCREASING POLITICALIZATION OF MANY RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS ARE AN INDICATION THAT RELIGION IS NOT IRRELEVANT TO POLITICAL LIFE. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES CURRENT RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS--INCLUDING LEBANON, SRI LANKA, PALESTINE, ARMENIA, AND TIBET--AND OUTLINES THE ONGOING ROLE OF RELIGION IN FOSTERING AND (SOMETIMES) RESOLVING THEM.

CHRISTIANITY NEEDS ONE UNIFIED VOICE, OPEN TO INSIGHTS FROM OTHER FAITHS AND IDEOLOGIES, COMMITTING CHRISTIANS WORLDWIDE TO WORK FOR JUSTICE, PEACE AND THE INTEGRITY OF CREATION. SUCH A VOICE COULD BE HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT IN THE QUEST FOR PEACE.

Abstract Background Civil society organizations (CSOs) are often assumed to be institutions that facilitate communication between citizens and policymakers. However, CSO advocacy is only as effective as the space allowed by government, the resources available from funders, and their own internal capacity. This article presents findings from a study in Nigeria that explores the advocacy and service delivery roles of CSOs working in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention and mitigation. We will argue that donor and government treatment of civil society as service delivery organizations, rather than as organizations that participate in democratic norms, have shaped how civil society organizations work to mitigate and prevent HIV. Methods From February to April 2012, a team of Health Systems 20/20 staff and one consultant conducted 48 in-depth interviews with civil society organizations, State AIDS Control Agencies (SACAs), donors, international organizations, and networks of people living with HIV to examine a wide range of advocacy efforts by CSOs. For quantitative data collection, sampling frames were assembled from lists of HIV-oriented or involved CSOs. This sampling frame consisted of 2548 CSOs from all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. A random sample was then taken from the sampling frame, and we contacted 665 CSOs to arrange interviews. With a response rate of 80.2 %, the project conducted 533 surveys in February 2012. Results These surveys showed that CSOs advocacy efforts focused on community mobilization related to behavior change, such as peer education (54.9 % of CSOs) and rallies (58.2 % of CSOs), and not on changing government policies. In-depth interviews highlighted the role of donors and government in shaping a purely apolitical role for most CSOs through funding constraints, regulations, and capacity development choices. Conclusions In light of these findings, we present key points for considering the influence of donors and government on civil society advocacy for HIV services and rights. We present evidence that donors, and international organizations, conceive of civil society as apolitical, and not as independent actors that compete for political space. More democratic and rights-based views of civil society's role, such as holding government accountable for providing services or promoting policy change, are not emphasized.

In addition to the aim of mapping and sequencing one human's genome, the Human Genome Project also intends to characterise the genetic diversity of the world's peoples. The Human Genome Diversity Project raises political, economic and ethical issues. These intersect clearly when the genomes under study are those of indigenous peoples who are already subject to serious economic, legal and/or social disadvantage and discrimination. The fact that some individuals associated with the project have made dismissive comments about indigenous peoples has confused rather than illuminated the deeper issues involved, as well as causing much antagonism among indigenous peoples. There are more serious ethical issues raised by the project for all geneticists, including those who are sympathetic to the problems of indigenous peoples. With particular attention to the history and attitudes of Australian indigenous peoples, we argue that the Human Genome Diversity Project can only proceed if those who further its objectives simultaneously: respect the cultural beliefs of indigenous peoples; publicly support the efforts of indigenous peoples to achieve respect and equality; express respect by a rigorous understanding of the meaning of equitable negotiation of consent, and ensure that both immediate and long term economic benefits from the research flow back to the groups taking part.

For the past 100 years some of the greatest historians and political scientists of the twentieth century have picked apart, analyzed and reinterpreted this sequence of events taking place within a single month in July/early August 1914. The four years of fighting during World War I destroyed the international system put into place at the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 and led to the dissolution of some of the great old empires of Europe (Austrian-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian). The 100th anniversary of the assassination of the Austrian successor to the throne Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo unleashed the series of events that unleashed World War I. The assassination in Sarajevo, the spark that set asunder the European powder keg, has been the focus of a veritable blizzard of commemorations, scholarly conferences and a new avalanche of publications dealing with this signal historical event that changed the world. Contemporary Austrian Studies would not miss the opportunity to make its contribution to these scholarly discourses by focusing on reassessing the Dual Monarchy's crucial role in the outbreak and the first year of the war, the military experience in the trenches, and the chaos on the homefront.