Suchergebnisse

The late 18th century is widely regarded as a time of rapid and momentous change in European and US penal history. Having identified this as the crucial formative period of the modern penitentiary, scholars naturally have sought to explain the developments that contributed to this modern form of punishment. However, at least in the case of Britain, this was also a time of continuity. Despite the well-publicized efforts of prison reformers, seminal prison legislation, and the end of transportation to America, Britain did not cease conveying its felons overseas. The question arises, 'Why did Britain resume transporting its offenders to New South Wales despite the opportunity and impetus for prison reform?' This article challenges more instrumental economic, strategic, and social control explanations by placing transportation within a broader expressive or cultural context. Since state punishments are some of the clearest and most brutal displays of state coercion, their application can generate questions about the nature of state authority and human freedoms. Using historical documents and secondary sources, this case study seeks to uncover the broader cultural understandings of the State's capacity to punish in order to explain why Britain continued to expel its offenders overseas. In doing so, it draws attention to how transportation operated within existing social relations between rulers and ruled — relations that were centered on the practical experiences of liberty and influenced by emergent democratic sentiments.

In this Element we build on our previous work conceptualizing a craft learning model for governing police discretion. We envision a model for harnessing patrol officers' craft knowledge and skills, learned through experience handling similar street-level encounters over time, to the development of standards for evaluating the quality of their decision-making. To clarify the logic of this model and its potential for police reform, we situate it within the context of other systems of discretion control, including law, bureaucracy, science, and the community. We also consider obstacles. We conclude that police organizations need to balance the different strategies for channeling and controlling discretion toward the goal of advancing more transparent and principled decision-making. The challenge is finding a balance that helps prevent arbitrary, pernicious, or uncompromising uses of police authority, but that also empowers and rewards officers for using the skills of perception and resourcefulness that contribute to wise judgment.

Abstract
We juxtapose two different visions for police reform, one based on programs and scientific experiments, the other on street-level practices and experience. Our purpose is to consider a closer marriage between them. To this end, we have outlined a training model based on the police craft, and designed to help patrol officers reflect mindfully on the numerous and varied situational factors that characterize mundane but perplexing encounters with the public. This model is inspired by the Aristotelian concept of perception or discernment. Its focus is not on outcomes but on decision-making processes that lead to choosing well in the kind of complex and uncertain environment of everyday police work.

Abstract
It has recently been argued that ethical/moral considerations could be better integrated into the science of policing. The present study picks up the gauntlet and examines if a central normative theory of government authority—Social Contract Theory—can contribute to our understanding of police legitimacy. Building on five constraints on police authority derived from Social Contract Theory, the present study examines the relationship between citizen views of police compliance with the social contract while enforcing COVID-19 regulations, and of police legitimacy. A community survey carried out in Israel reveals that public evaluations of the appropriate balance between liberty, safety, and police authority, have a significant, independent correlation with legitimacy, surpassed only by views of procedural justice. These findings have implications for the theory, practice, and future study of police legitimacy, but more generally demonstrate the utility of theoretical–philosophical theories and concepts concerned with ethics for contemporary research questions in policing.