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Résumé Cet article examine les réponses américaines aux massacres d'Arméniens des années 1894-1896, soulignant la diversité et souvent la concurrence des mobilisations à l'origine du succès de cette cause humanitaire. Appuyé sur des lettres et des déclarations publiques de missionnaires américains, d'immigrants arméniens et de réformateurs libéraux, il montre comment ces trois groupes ont forgé l'opinion publique américaine envers une crise politique lointaine, et met en lumière les motivations religieuses et politiques qui ont inspiré – mais ont aussi menacé d'ébranler – un vaste effort international de secours dans l'Empire ottoman. Il s'attache enfin à analyser, côté Congrès, la façon dont les efforts pour sauver les « Arméniens souffrants » ont conféré une légitimité à d'autres interventions diplomatiques de la même époque.

The spirit of service and volunteering in nonprofit and community-based organizations has been a staple of American life for hundreds of years. Although courts have referred clients to mental health agencies since the end of the 19th century, volunteers who are trained mental health counselors are a phenomenon that agencies have only recently used to address both court-ordered and other referrals. This article highlights one successful countywide model that can be replicated nationwide and can be a powerful tool in any community.

Mental retardation and related developmental disabilities affect 1.5% of the population in the United States. Efforts to address preventable developmental disabilities—such as those caused by lead poisoning, fetal alcohol syndrome, and traumatic brain injuries—have been the focus of activities in one state for almost 20 years. These efforts were created, and have been organized and sustained, by women. The prevention coalition was established to foster cooperation, identify and develop resources, and advocate for programs, services, and legislation. The coalition further promotes the development of leaders in the human services and public health fields and embraces feminist principles of collaboration, mutual support, nurturance,and self-empowerment in its organizing efforts. Implications for community organizing and development, public awareness and community education around primary prevention issues, legislative advocacy, mentoring and coaching of emerging leaders, community partnerships, and social change are discussed.

During the second semester of the 1989-90 school year, all of Virginia's 65,000+ sixth-grade students were the first to take literacy tests in mathematics, reading and writing as part of a new Virginia Assessment Program mandated by the legislature. Passing scores on all three of these literacy tests is now mandatory for admission to ninth grade. The writing portion of the assessment requires that students construct a writing sample in response to a writing prompt. For the three years prior to 1989-90, school systems within the state could participate voluntarily in a fourth-grade baseline test to determine student potential for failing the sixth-grade assessment. Students whose papers fall into the bottom quartile of all papers scored each year are considered at-risk for failing the Literacy Passport Test at the sixth-grade level. This study examines the writing behaviors and the characteristics of the papers written by four fifth-grade students identified by the Virginia Department of Education as at-risk for failing the Literacy Passport Test. The author chose to function both as researcher and as participant/observer in the study, functioning in both of these roles for a twenty-one week period during the fall and early winter of 1989-90. Data was collected during a three hour per day, three day a week time period. Collection sources included field notes, interviews with students and teachers, and student papers, including the fourth-grade baseline assessment, papers written during the twenty-one weeks of data collection and a simulated Literacy Passport Test writing sample. Findings include a description of each student's approach to writing and an analysis, both analytical and domain-based, of the writing of selected papers of each of the four students. Implications for teaching, as well as suggestions for further research, are included in this document. ; Ed. D.

In 1984 the United Kingdom Central Council for Nurses, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) convened a project group whose terms of reference were to examine the professional preparation of nurses, to consider possible modifications of the nurse's role in the light of the anticipated health needs of the 1990's and through into the next century and to make recommendations for changes in nurse education to prepare nurses better for their future role. Following consultation the UKCC summarised its proposals in the document Project 2000: A New Preparation for Practice (1986), which analysed future health needs and set out twenty‐five recommendations for the reform of professional practice. Since that time, given the progressive implementation of many of these recommendations, general nurse training has experienced considerable change, a central theme being the way in which existing roles in hospital settings have been modified and new roles introduced. This article is based on a sociological study of nurse socialisation in three Welsh nurse education centres which was undertaken with the aim of addressing issues in role theory while also analysing the problem areas which will need to be tackled if the objectives of Project 2000 are to be fully and successfully achieved.

SIMPLE SUMMARY: African lion cubs are used in South Africa in wildlife-interaction tourism (cub petting). The welfare impacts on the cubs are unclear. A workshop was held with 15 lion-experienced stakeholders who all indicated a range of welfare concerns for discussion and prioritisation. The leading welfare concern identified was the 'lack of governance and regulation' within the industry. Participants also agreed on nine non-negotiable practices that affect cubs' welfare. Some of these included ethical concerns, such as cubs exiting into the ranching industry (farming of lions for hunting) and the bone trade (lions being slaughtered for their bones, which are exported for lion bone wine) once petting age has passed. Current industry practices were then ranked and weighted for welfare importance through an online survey completed by 60 industry stakeholders. This survey identified the most important welfare concerns to be poor social grouping of cubs, an inability for cubs to choose their own environment and retreat from an interaction, a lack of trained and dedicated caretakers, and poor breeding practices. The survey results produced a user-friendly tool to score cubs' welfare in interaction facilities and also identified current practices that are lacking in welfare consideration. ABSTRACT: African lion (Panthera leo) cubs are extensively used in South Africa in wildlife-interaction tourist activities. Facilities provide close interaction opportunities, but the welfare impacts on the cubs are unclear. A workshop was held with 15 lion-experienced stakeholders, including government officials, nature conservationists, animal welfare organisations, lion breeders, lion handlers, an animal ethologist, wildlife veterinarian, wildlife rehabilitation specialist and an animal rights advocacy group representative. Individual representatives nominated a range of welfare concerns, and 15 were identified for discussion and prioritisation. The leading welfare concern was a lack of governance and regulation within the ...

Pigeons are often considered a nuisance in urban environments, leading to the attempted control or eradication of their populations. This study explored the perceptions of 246 staff members employed on the University of South Africa's Muckleneuk campus to ascertain the extent and nature of the perceived pigeon problem, suggested control methodologies and their anticipated results. The study found that the majority of staff do not consider the pigeons to pose a problem on the campus and that, should control be imposed, humane, non-lethal measures were preferred over eradication. The isolated pigeon-related complaints revealed that the management's negative perceptions of the pigeons were not representative of staff members in general. The study concludes that a comprehensive public participation process is a necessary and integral part of the development and implementation of a sustainable and efficient pigeon control plan.

An edited volume exploring the role women played in California politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Counselling and psychotherapy training often incorporates experiential learning to help students understand and explore different aspects of self. Lecturers and tutors, facilitating such courses, can also share aspects of their lived experience, as a form of experiential learning. This article describes a workshop on power and anti-oppressive practice that was delivered to counselling students in a Master of Arts (MA) in Counselling and Psychotherapy Practice. Two lecturers (Beverley and Peter) used their lived experiences of racism and homophobia to stimulate student discussion and debate—effectively, they were using self as a teaching tool. This article details their experiences and reflections whilst in discussion with two students (Ann-Marie and Ben), who attended the workshop.