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Kidnapping was perhaps the greatest fear of free blacks in pre-Civil War America. Though they may have descended from generations of free-born people or worked to purchase their freedom, free blacks were not able to enjoy the privileges and opportunities of white Americans. They lived with the constant threat of kidnapping and enslavement, against which they had little recourse.Most kidnapped free blacks were forcibly abducted, but other methods, such as luring victims with job offers or falsely claiming free people as fugitive slaves, were used as well. Kidnapping of blacks was actually facil

AbstractAttachment anxiety is associated with greater perceived physical pain, whereas social support is associated with lower pain perceptions. Few studies, however, have examined the joint effects of attachment and support on acute physical pain in a dyadic context. In this study, first‐time expectant mothers (N = 140) and their male partners completed romantic attachment measures (prenatally) and postnatal assessments of women's pain and men's emotional support during labor and delivery. More securely attached women benefited from emotional support in terms of reduced pain, more avoidantly attached women reported greater pain when given more support, and more anxiously attached women reported greater pain, regardless of their partners' support. These results advance our understanding of which women are most vulnerable to painful childbirth.

Prior research has linked attachment anxiety to heightened perceptions of chronic pain. However, few studies have examined attachment and acute pain, and none of these to our knowledge have included partner attachment effects in a dyadic context. Sixty‐five healthy undergraduate women were exposed to an ischemic pain task in the presence of their romantic partners. As expected, women's higher attachment anxiety predicted lower pain thresholds, greater subjective pain, and greater catastrophizing. Higher avoidance was associated with longer pain tolerances and, unexpectedly, lower physiological arousal. More avoidant and more anxious women responded negatively to pain when accompanied by a high‐anxiety romantic partner. Implications exist for attachment insecurity and hyperactivating emotion regulation strategies as vulnerability factors in coping with pain.

AbstractIn four studies, we obtained evidence for the reliability and validity of a 21‐item scale designed to measure a new theoretical construct: individual differences in the motivation to acquire relationship‐threatening information (hereafter, MARTI). Study 1 provided evidence for the MARTI scale's reliability and discriminant validity, revealing that it was reliable and not significantly correlated with measures of the Big Five personality traits, adult attachment styles, or more general social orientations. Studies 2 and 3 provided evidence for the scale's convergent and discriminant validity, showing that dating partners with higher MARTI scores (i.e., those who were more motivated to acquire relationship‐threatening information) scored lower in relational trust and reported engaging in more "suspicion behaviors." Study 4 provided behavioral evidence for the scale's predictive validity, revealing that (a) dating partners with higher MARTI scores were more likely to break up within 5 months, and (b) the breakup rate was most pronounced for dating partners who scored higher on the scale and who also reported being less close. We discuss how this new construct and measure can be used to study important relationship dynamics.
We can't go on together With suspicious minds.
‐ Lines from the 1969 Elvis Presley hit

The characterization of an amplified piezoelectric actuator (APA) as a new axial scanning method for multiple-reference optical coherence tomography (MR-OCT) is described. MR-OCT is a compact optical imaging device based on a recirculating reference-arm-scanning optical delay using a partial mirror that can enhance the imaging depth range by more than 10 times the reference mirror's scanning amplitude. The scanning amplitude of the used APA was varied between 30 μm and 250 μm, depending on the scanning frequency of between 0.8 kHz and 1.2 kHz. A silver-coated miniature mirror was attached to the APA via ultraviolet-cured optical adhesive, and the light source was a super-luminescent diode with 1310 nm center wavelength and 56 nm bandwidth. The sensitivity was measured with and without the partial mirror in the reference delay line as a function of scan speed, frequency, and range, therefore providing results for MR-OCT and TD-OCT modes. It was found that the APA provides more than twice the mechanical scanning range compared to other opto-mechanic actuators, but results indicate degradation of signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity at larger imaging depths. In conjunction with MR-OCT, the scan range of maximum 200 μm can be enhanced up to 1–1.5 mm by using a reduced amount of orders of reflections, which could be of interest to increase sensitivity in the future. ; This work was supported by NUI Galway, Galway University Foundation, the University of Limerick Foundation, the National Biophotonics Imaging Platform (NBIP) Ireland funded under the Higher Education Authority PRTLI Cycle 4, co-funded by the Irish Government and the European Union - Investing in your future, and Compact Imaging, Inc. ; peer-reviewed

A technique based on multiple reference optical coherence tomography (MR-OCT) is proposed for simultaneous imaging at multiple depths. The technique has been validated by imaging a reference sample and a fingerprint in-vivo. The principle of scanning multiple selected layers is shown by imaging a partial fingerprint with 200 x 200 x 200 voxels of 3 x 3 x 0.5 mm size and obtaining an arbitrary amount of layers merely by digital processing. The spacing among the layers can be adjusted arbitrarily, and the SNR roll-off is shown for three different spacings. At a mirror scan frequency of 1 kHz and an A-line rate of 2 kHz, the acquisition time was 20 s for one volume. The results show the feasibility of the application of layer scanning MR-OCT that uses a partial mirror in the reference arm of the Michelson interferometer. The reduced scan range required for layer scanning allows even higher scan rates that are limited only by the voice coil design and the mass-spring system, e.g., mirror mass, spring constant, and damping. (c) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) ; This work was supported by the National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, the Galway University Foundation, the University of Limerick Foundation, the National Biophotonics Imaging Platform, Ireland, funded under the Higher Education Authority PRTLI Cycle 4, cofunded by the Irish Government and the European Union—Investing in your future, and Compact Imaging, Inc. All authors have a financial interest in Compact Imaging, Inc. The acquisition of the in-vivo samples do not affect any ethical, health, or privacy concerns and were performed according to the ethical regulations and safety standards of the NUI Galway. ; peer-reviewed