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This book presents transcendental idealism, the metaphysics of morals, and other Kantian innovations in philosophy as a reaction to 18th century developments in the life and human sciences. It sheds new light on all major aspects of Kant's philosophy and opens avenues for further research.

Kant's philosophy is usually treated according to 'internalist' textual methodology rather than contextually according to 'externalist' methodology. This book presents transcendental idealism, the metaphysics of morals, and other Kantian innovations in philosophy as a reaction to 18th century developments in the life and human sciences. It interprets Kant's metaphysics as motivated by, on one hand, anxiety over the moral dangers he perceived in the empiricism of Buffon, Hume, Smith, and certain German materialists; and, on the other, his theological scepticism.

part Part I Matter, Space and Relations -- chapter 1 John W. Nason (1945), 'Leibniz's Attack on the Cartesian Doctrine of Extension', Journal of the History of Ideas, 6, pp. 447-83 -- chapter 2 John Earman (1977), 'Perceptions and Relations in the Monadology', Studia Leibnitiana, 9, pp. 212-30 -- chapter 3 Richard Arthur (1994), 'Space and Relativity in Newton and Leibniz', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 45, pp. 219-40 -- part Part II Leibnizian Substances -- chapter 4 David S. Scarrow (1973), 'Reflections on the Idealist Interpretation of Leibniz's Philosophy', Studia Leibnitiana Supplementa, 12, pp. 85-93 -- chapter 5 Donald P. Rutherford (1990), 'Leibniz's -- chapter 6 John Kronen (1997), 'Substances are not Windowless: A Suarézian Critique of Monadism', American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 71, pp. 59-81 -- part Part III Life, Mind and Action -- chapter 7 Samuel Scheffler (1976), 'Leibniz on Personal Identity and Moral Personality', Studia Leibnitiana, 8, pp. 219-40 -- chapter 8 Mark Kulstad (1981), 'Leibniz, Animals, and Apperception', Studia Leibnitiana, 13, pp. 25-60 -- chapter 9 Ezio Vailati (1990), 'Leibniz on Locke on Weakness of Will', Journal of the History of Philosophy, 28, pp. 213-28 -- chapter 10 William Seager (1991), 'The Worm in the Cheese: Leibniz, Consciousness and Matter', Studia Leibnitiana, 23, pp. 79-91 -- chapter 11 Catherine Wilson (1994), 'Leibniz and the Logic of Life', Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 48, pp. 237-53 -- part Part IV Matephysics -- chapter 12 William E. May (1962), 'The God of Leibniz', New Scholasticism, 36, pp. 506-28 -- chapter 13 Raja Bahlul (1992), 'Leibniz, Aristotle, and the Problem of Individuation', Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 73, pp. 185-99 -- chapter 14 Daniel Fouke (1994), 'Emanation and the Perfections of Being: Divine Causation and the Autonomy of Nature in Leibniz', Archiv Fuer Geschichte der Philosophie, 76, pp. 168-94 -- chapter 15 Steven Nadler (1994), 'Choosing a Theodicy: The Leibniz-Malebranche-Arnauld Connection', Journal of the History of Ideas, 50, pp. 573-89 -- chapter 16 David Scott (1997), 'Leibniz and the Two Clocks', Journal of the History of Ideas, 58, pp. 445-63 -- chapter 17 Jack Davidson (1998), 'Imitators of God: Leibniz on Human Freedom', Journal of the History of Philosophy, 36, pp. 387-412 -- part Part V Leibniz in Context -- chapter 18 Donald F. Lach (1945), 'Leibniz and China', Journal of the History of Ideas, 6, pp. 436-55 -- chapter 19 Carolyn Merchant (1979), 'The Vitalism of Anne Conway: Its Impact on Leibniz's Concept of the Monad', Journal of the History of Philosophy, 17, pp. 255-69 -- chapter 20 Nicholas Rescher (1981), 'Leibniz and the Concept of a System', Studia Leibnitiana, 13, pp. 114-22 -- chapter 21 Michael Losonsky (1992), 'Leibniz's Adamic Language of Thought', Journal of the History of Philosophy, 30, pp. 523-43 -- chapter 22 Domenico Bertoloni Meli (1988), 'Leibniz on the Censorship of the Copernican System', Studia Leibnitiana, 20, pp. 19-42.

'Moral Animals' offers a brand new approach to moral theory. Drawing on anthropology, sociology and evolutionary theory, as well as philosophy of language and philosophy of science Catherine Wilson shows how to understand and reconcile our moral aspirations for a just world with the constraints human nature places on us

Introduction--Social inequality : Rousseau in retrospect / Catherine Wilson -- Lockean money, indigenism and globalism / Naomi Zack -- Vico and Montesquieu : limits of pluralist imagination / Bhikhu Parekh -- Millian liberalism and colonial oppression / D.G. Brown -- Sublime waste : Kant on the destiny of the 'races' / Mark Larrimore -- Time, modernity, and destructive habits of thought / Oliver Leaman -- Subjecthood and self-determination : the limitations of postmodernism as democratic theory / Jeff Noonan -- Justice theory and oppression / J. Harvey -- Epistemic oppression and epistemic privilege / Miranda Fricker -- Freud's metapsychology and the culture of philosophy / Jan Zwicky -- A singular and representative life : personal memory and systematic harms / Sue Campbell