Suchergebnisse

Section I. Neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction. addiction as maladaptive learning, with a focus on habit learning / Theresa H. McKim and Charlotte A. Boettiger -- Neural bases of addiction-related impairments in response inhibition / Hugh Garavan, Alexandra S. Potter, Katie L. Brennan, and John J. Foxe -- Working memory functioning and addictive behavior : insights from cognitive neuroscience / Travis T. Nichols and Stephen J. Wilson -- Section II. Neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction : reward, motivation, and decision making. Behavioral and brain response to non-drug rewards in substance abuse : implications for motivational theories of addiction / James M. Bjork -- Role of the value circuit in addiction and addiction treatment / Anna B. Konova and Rita Z. Goldstein -- The insula : a critical neural substrate for drug seeking under conflict and risk / Nasir H. Naqvi and Antoine Bechara -- Addiction as a symptom of failure modes in the machineries of decision making / A. David Redish -- Section III. Neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction. The role of sensory and motor brain regions in drug-cue reactivity / Yavor Yalachkov, Jochen Kaiser, and Marcus J. Naumer -- Neural mechanisms underlying craving and the regulation of craving / Hedy Kober and Maggie Mae Mell -- Neurobiology of alcohol craving and relapse prediction : implications for diagnosis and treatment / Corinde E. Wiers and Andreas Heinz -- Neural mechanisms associated with stress-induced drug craving / Verica Milivojevic, Helen C. Fox, and Rajita Sinha -- Section IV. Cognitive neuroscience and the development of addiction. Neurological risk factors for the development of problematic substance use / Sylia Wilson, Kathleen M. Thomas, and William G. Iacono -- Adolescence and addiction : vulnerability, opportunity, and the role of brain development / David M. Lydon, Adriana Galván, and Charles F. Geier -- Neurocognition and brain abnormalities among adolescent alcohol and drug users / Anita Cservenka and Bonnie J. Nagel -- Section V. Cognitive neuroscience and the treatment of drug addiction -- The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying psychosocial interventions for addiction : motivational interviewing as a case study / Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing and Jon M. Houck -- Brain stimulation as a novel technique for craving management and the treatment of addiction / Aviad Hadar and Abraham Zangen -- Development of real-time fMRI neurofeedback for craving in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers / Karen J. Hartwell, Kathleen T. Brady, and Mark S. George -- Section VI. Emerging themes and future directions. Advancing addiction research through the integration of genetics and neuroimaging / Hollis C. Karoly, Sarah L. Hagerty, Barbara J. Weiland, and Kent E. Hutchison -- Neuroeconomic perspectives on the potent but inconsistent motivations characteristic of addiction / A. James Melrose, Eustace Hsu and John Monterosso -- Beyond functional localization : advancing the understanding of addiction-related processes by examining brain connectivity / Matthew T. Sutherland, Xia Liang, Yihong Yang and Elliot A. Stein -- Functional neural predictors of addiction outcomes / Elliot T. Berkman.

Digital interactions are an increasingly common communication method among young adults, but little is known about whether such remote exchanges influence riskiness. The current study examined whether observing and interacting with, versus simply observing, a digital peer affect risk taking in young adults aged 18–25. Participants who remotely viewed risky behavior by a peer or computer increased risk taking; however, compared to a control condition, only exposure to risk‐encouraging messages from a digital peer resulted in sustained risk‐taking behavior. These findings suggest that short text‐based messages from a risk‐encouraging digital peer can influence risk‐taking behavior in young adults. Given the rapid proliferation of digital communication among this age group, these results highlight a potentially important source of peer influence on risky behavior.

Is computer-synthesized speech as persuasive as the human voice when presenting an argument? After completing an attitude pretest, 193 participants were randomly assigned to listen to a persuasive appeal under three conditions: a high-quality synthesized speech system (DECtalk Express), a low-quality synthesized speech system (Monologue), and a tape recording of a human voice. Following the appeal, participants completed a posttest attitude survey and a series of questionnaires designed to assess perceptions of speech qualities, perceptions of the speaker, and perceptions of the message. The human voice was generally perceived more favorably than the computer-synthesized voice, and the speaker was perceived more favorably when the voice was a human voice than when it was computer synthesized. There was, however, no evidence that computerized speech, as compared with the human voice, affected persuasion or perceptions of the message. Actual or potential applications of this research include issues that should be considered when designing synthetic speech systems.