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Henri Lefebvre's concepts of everyday life and revolution
The aim of this article is to analyse the concept of everyday life, which was used by Henri Lefebvre to build his theory of overcoming the alienation – both on the individual (as the theory of moments) and collective (in his concept of revolution as a popular festival) level. In the basic structures of everyday life Lefebvre saw the fundaments of spontaneity, human creative power that is capable of forcing its way through the alienating structures and that makes the total subjugation impossible. Moreover, placing the theory of revolution inside the concept of everyday life allows to draw particular attention to the importance of human consciousness in a revolutionary struggle. In the end, however, it seems that the categories introduced by Lefebvre, even though they create a good fundament for the discussion about the possibility of the human emancipation, cannot fully explain the phenomenon of the revolution.

Things in common. 1968 and the critique of bureaucracy in Poland and France
This article aims to compare the critiques of bureaucracy that emerged before and during the events of 1968 in Poland and France, where these issues gained particular significance. In Poland a systematic analysis of bureaucracy was presented in 1964 by Jacek Kuroń and Karol Modzelewski, whereas in France it was one of main focus themes for the group of intellectuals (esp. Cornelius Castoriadis) gathered around Socialisme ou barbarie review. Slogans inspired by these critiques were present and visible throughout the protests. The comparison allows to indicate some important differences, caused above others by different circumstances in which ideas were formulated and manifestations took place. Still, it allows also to grasp something that the militants from both sides of iron curtain had in common, namely – according to the main thesis of the article – the protest against the end of history, understood as a conviction about the inevitability of socialist (on the Eastern side) or capitalist (in the West) formation. Critique of bureaucracy that enabled the authors to analyze both systems at the same time undermined the false alternative between them and created a starting point for seeking the possibility of a way other than the two pursued at that time.

We present a new method to analyze party manifestos to benefit the placement of political partiesper seand to advance the study of elections. Our method improves on existing manual coding approaches by (1) generating semantically complete units based on syntax, (2) standardizing units into a subject–predicate–object structure, and (3) employing a fine-grained and flexible hierarchical coding scheme. We evaluate our approach by comparing estimates for the 2002, 2006, and 2008 Austrian national elections with those yielded by previous studies that employ the entire range of available measurement strategies. We also demonstrate how we link our new manifesto data with other kind of data produced in theAustrian National Election Study, especially mass and elite (party candidate) surveys.

Saliency theory is among the most influential accounts of party competition, not least in providing the theoretical framework for the Comparative Manifesto Project -- one of the most widely used data collections in comparative politics. Despite its prominence, not all empirical implications of the saliency theory of party competition have yet been systematically tested. This article addresses five predictions of saliency theory, the central claim of which is that parties compete by selective issue emphasis rather than by direct confrontation. Since a fair test of the theory's assumptions needs to rely on data that measures party issue saliency and party positions independently, this article draws on new manifesto data from the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES). Analysing all manifestos issued for the 2002, 2006 and 2008 general elections, it shows that saliency theory correctly identifies some features of party competition. For instance, parties disproportionally emphasise issues they 'own'. Yet, the core assumption of saliency theory that parties compete via selective issue emphasis rather than direct confrontation over the same issues fails to materialise in the majority of cases. Adapted from the source document.

This article examines aspects of election manifestos that are largely ignored by extant manifesto-based studies focusing on issue saliencies and policy positions. Drawing on the literatures on negative campaigning, retrospective voting, party mandates and personalization, we develop a scheme of categories that allows for the analysis of attacks on competitors, references to a party's track record, subjective and objective policy pledges and the prominence of party leaders in manifestos. We also show that these elements are present in manifestos of major European parties. The relevance of these categories, we argue, should be influenced by a party's status in government or opposition, its ideology, its size, the relative popularity of party leaders and the occurrence of early elections. Our systematic examination of 46 Austrian election manifestos produced between 1986 and 2013 demonstrates that many of these expectations are supported by the evidence. Most notably, it emerges that government and opposition parties write manifestos that differ with respect to all of the five characteristics analysed. This suggests that there are systematic differences between government and opposition party manifestos that should be taken into consideration by scholars engaged in manifesto-based research.

Abstract
Previous research has reported avian plastic ingestion in marine bird species. Yet, while research attention on plastic pollution is shifting from marine to freshwater ecosystems, very few information on plastic ingestion is available for freshwater birds. Here, we examined the presence of microplastic in regurgitated pellets of the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) collected along the Ticino River (North Italy). In total, 133 kingfisher's pellets were examined between March and October 2019 from 54 transects along the river. Plastic elements were detected and identified by visual inspection followed by μ-FTIR and SEM-EDS. Overall, we found 12 (micro)plastics from at least three different polymers in 7.5% of the pellets. This study provides the first report of plastic uptake of this bird species. It highlights the importance of spectroscopic techniques in plastic monitoring studies in order to avoid misidentification of items found. Documenting the presence of plastic ingestion by top carnivores such as fish-eating birds is necessary to understand the pervasiveness and impact of (micro)plastic pollution in food webs of freshwater ecosystems.

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs) are nowadays abundant, persistent, and ubiquitous in the environment, representing a new threat for terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Although anuran populations and species are globally declining, the effect of MP exposure on this taxon has been poorly investigated. With the aim of assessing the effects of microplastic exposure on the defensive responses of Italian agile frog (Rana latastei) tadpoles, we exposed them to three different concentrations (1, 7, and 50 mg L−1) of a mixture of plastic polymers (HPDE, PVC, PS, and PES) for 2 weeks. Then, we measured the total distance covered by individual tadpoles before and after exposure to tadpole-fed dragonfly larvae (Aeshna cyanea) cues. As expected, predation risk sharply lowered the total distance travelled by tadpoles; however, MP concentration did not affect their defensive performances. We also collected data on tadpole development, activity, and mortality. In contrast with previous experiments, neither tadpole growth nor mortality varied with MP concentration. Our results indicate that the intensity of MP effects on growth and development may depend on tadpole size, with large tadpoles being less susceptible to the negative effects of MP exposure.

Die AUTNES-Codierung der Parteichef-Statements umfasst alle öffentlichen Aussagen und Handlungen von Parteichefs relevanter Parteien innerhalb der letzten sechs Wochen vor der Nationalratswahl 2006, welche in den zwei führenden Qualitätszeitungen (Der Standard und Die Presse) erschienen sind. Sowohl Parteichefs als auch Spitzenkandidaten der Parteien (Listenerste auf der Bundeswahlliste) wurden erfasst. Im Datensatz sind alle grammatikalischen Sätze aus den Zeitungsartikeln enthalten; die Untersuchungseinheit bilden allerdings daraus abgeleitete, standardisierte Aussagen. Diese werden mit der relationalen Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt-Struktur von AUTNES inhaltsanalytisch erfasst. Das Subjekt ist dabei (bis auf wenige Ausnahmen) der Parteichef oder Spitzenkandidat. Bei den Objekten wird zwischen Themen und Objektakteuren unterschieden. Erstere werden anhand des umfassenden AUTNES-Codierschemas ausgewählt. Objektakteure werden mit dem Namen (falls es sich um ein Individuum handelt) sowie mit der Organisationszugehörigkeit erfasst. Das jeweilige Prädikat beschreibt numerisch, ob das Subjekt das Thema oder den eventuell vorhandenen Objektakteur (eher) unterstützt, (eher) ablehnt oder ihm neutral bzw. ambivalent gegenüber steht. Zusätzlich zu dieser Subjekt-Prädikat-Objekt-Struktur werden auch Eigenschaften aller Objektakteure, der Record für alle Subjekt- und Objektakteure sowie Begründungen der Themenpositionen codiert.

Themen: Jahr des Wahlkampfes; Zeitung (Der Standard, Die Presse); Veröffentlichungsdatum der Zeitung; Zeitungsseite; Titel des Zeitungsartikels; Satz im Zeitungsartikel; relevante Aussage eines Parteiführers vorhanden; aus dem Satz extrahierte Aussage; organisatorische Zugehörigkeit des zitierten Akteurs; Name des zitierten Akteurs (falls Einzelperson); organisatorische Zugehörigkeit des Subjekt-Akteurs; Name des Subjekt-Akteurs (falls Einzelperson); Prädikat (Verhältnis zwischen Subjekt-Akteur oder Objekt-Akteur (falls vorhanden) und Thema; Thema der Aussage; Bezugnahme des Untertitels auf Politik auf EU-Ebene; Begründung der Issue-Aussagen (Wirtschaft, Wohlfahrtsstaat: expansiv / protektiv, Umwelt, Sicherheit, Bildung, Regierung, ethnisch-national, religiös, universalistisch, nicht erkennbar); Bezugnahme auf Record von Subjekt-Akteur oder Objekt-Akteur (nationale Ebene, Land Ebene, internationale Ebene, historisch), organisatorische Zugehörigkeit und Name des ersten Objekt–Akteurs; Eigenschaften des Objekt-Akteurs (Attribute: Kompetenz, Charakter, Führungsqualitäten, Erscheinungsbild, nicht erkennbar).

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: ID.