Suchergebnisse

"This book provides the first consideration of quantum principles in legal decision making. It shows how quantum probability theory can be applied to psychology and law to deepen our understanding of psychological and legal issues, suggesting a paradigm shift in the study of these areas. Written as an introduction to quantum probability theory for non-physicists, the book offers an accessible summary of how psychology can be applied to quantum phenomena for human decision making. It introduces psychologists and lawyers to fresh conceptual frameworks, including classical probability theory, classical statistics, data mining and quantum theory. Wojciechowski shows how quantum theory and concepts can be transferred to psychological research models, and can help to resolve previously unexplained psychological phenomena, influence scientific views, undermine traditional foundations of the legal system and result in the development of new research directions. Studies conducted by the author are used to show how problems facing legal decision making can be addressed in a completely new light with the application of quantum probability theory. This cutting-edge and innovative book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in the fields of forensic psychology and legal decision making, as well as legal professionals and legal scholars"--

The fact of multiculturalism or pluralism plays a significant role in forming the law as well as in the functioning of various state institutions, hence human rights take a lead in the protection of the rights of minorities or discriminated groups. Considering these problems in my article, I formulate the thesis that arguments for the justification of human rights should be sought in the principle of mutual recognition, which is an expression of a cross-cultural consensus, an individualistic conception of a person, and equal opportunities as universal premises for these rights. Such assumptions expressed in human rights – whether justified or even framed in an innovative way – are the main force shaping a cosmopolitan civil society.

Metody psychologicznej analizy treściowej zeznań świadków (Statement Validity
Assessment, Reality Monitoring, Scientific Content Analysis) mogą być pomocne przy różnicowaniu
szczerych i świadomie fałszowanych zeznań. W literaturze zwraca się jednak uwagę na
to, że poziom błędnych identyfikacji wartości relacji pamięciowej uniemożliwia ich wykorzystanie
w opiniowaniu sądowo-psychologicznym. Przyjęto założenia nowej, innowacyjnej metody analizy
zeznań świadków – Modelu Wielozmiennowej Analizy Zeznań Świadków Dorosłych (MASAM).
Grupa 43 sędziów kompetentnych po odbyciu szkolenia z zakresu analizy treściowej dokonała
oceny wartości dowodowej zeznań świadków. Badania dowiodły, że przy wykorzystaniu
MASAM możliwe jest prawidłowe zidentyfikowanie 96,87% zeznań szczerych, a prawdopodobieństwo
warunkowe analizy treściowej opartej na wynikach MASAM wynosi 91,85%. MASAM
potwierdził swoją wartość diagnostyczną także przy analizie zeznań fałszywych - prawdopodobieństwo
warunkowe dla analiz przeprowadzonych z zastosowaniem tej metody wyniosło 69,23%,
podczas gdy identyfikacja wartości dowodowej zeznania oparta na analizie z zastosowaniem trzech
pozostałych metod doprowadziła do błędnych ocen w ponad połowie przypadków.

The commented judgement concerns an allegation of discrimination in the recruitment process for studies preparing to become a military doctor, when the national authorities denied a female-applicant the right to take the military medical school entrance exam on the basis of her height (she was 150 cm tall and weighed 44 kg). The Ministry of National Defence argued that the law required all military personnel to be able to perform any mission, and that this meant being able to carry a standard soldier's kit weighing around 57 kg. The European Court of Human Rights found that the reasons why the applicant was treated differently from other women – who met the weight and height requirements – were not "relevant and sufficient". In particular, the national courts accepted the MND's argument equating size with strength. Even though size had recently been eliminated from the list of selection criteria and that the applicant was now free to apply to the military academy of her choice, the Court found that she had been unfairly disadvantaged at the time of her application. The co-authors of the gloss agree with the position of the Court and the reasoning presented, while addressing both: the philosophical grounds of the equality principle and the evolution of the judicial dialogue between the ECHR and the CJEU.

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present the results of research on attitudes towards rape conducted in a group of 850 adult Poles, including 505 women, 310 men and 35 non-binary people, and to analyze their selected correlates: rape myth acceptance, right-wing authoritarianism and rape empathy. Non-binary people have only recently been included in research as a distinct group and little information can be found in the literature on the characteristics of their attitudes towards social problems. Therefore particular attention was paid to comparing the attitudes towards rape of non-binary people with those of women and men. In analyzing the results, the authors took into account the current socio-political situation in Poland. The results indicate that attitudes toward sexual aggression are related to the type of gender identification. The most positive attitudes towards rape victims among the groups participating in the research are held by non-binary people. Furthermore, attitudes towards rape are determined by rape myths, right-wing authoritarianism and empathy for victims of rape.