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The text shows the picture of nineteenth-century Stockholm saturated with negative
content, revealing a large city as a space of deadness, chimerical vitalism, and unconditional
dissolution as a result of crisis of values. Symptomatic for the nineteenth-century European
social changes made the literary city a reflection of this process by showing the urban
monstrosity of that destructive energy, its unfriendliness and controversy. This case is
similar. The novelistic city shows multidimensional loneliness of man of that time. This
image maps the entity which is not able to save its subjectivity, to find the formula, the
man who from the heights of his own selfishness precipitates his identity into the abyss of
all progression. It also shows the doom of rudimentary value, flattening of anthropocentric
dimension of existence in favour of the eruption of animalistic instincts, impulses and
consumerism. The characters in Hjalmar Söderberg's novel – Martin, Arvid, Gabriel or
Tomas – circulate in this space, wander, chase, roam the empty area looking for values. The
characters being in chronic pointless movement automatically include themselves in an
insensitive stream of street momentum, as they were passively involved in this whole
theatre of gestures. Stockholm is a symbol of the inertial city, neutral existentially, it is
a braid of illusions, fantasies, afterimages. The city is a zone of axiological deadness,
damages. A sad face of the city chronically becomes a grimace of everything that is wrong,
hardening into the "damage", closure. It is an unusual character of this prose.

The objective of this article is to demonstrate the scope of administrative liability of farmers as food business operators in the light of European Union law and Polish law. Two concepts that are of essential importance in agricultural law as well as food law are discussed. These two are in a cross-relationship. Farmers who within their agricultural activity produce food for commercial purposes or produce agricultural raw materials which after processing may become food are food business operators subject to the requirements of food law. It is then concluded that the shaping of administrative liability of farmers operating as food businesses and in particular the selection of administrative sanctions and determination of situations in which their liability may be excluded is of material importance for the efficiency of food law provisions that determine requirements related to the running of agricultural activity in the area of food production. ; L'obiettivo delle considerazioni è di determinare l'ambito di applicazione della responsabilità amministrativa degli agricoltori che operano come operatori del settore alimentare alla luce delle disposizioni della legge dell'Ue e quella polacca. L'autore spiega e discute due concetti fondamentali per il diritto agrario e quello alimentare, vale a dire il concetto di agricoltore e quello di operatore del settore alimentare. I due concetti menzionati si intersecano. Gli agricoltori, che nell'ambito dell'attività agricola svolta producono prodotti alimentari da commercializzare oppure tali che diventano cibo una volta trasformati, sono operatori del settore alimentare e in quanto tali soggetti alle disposizioni del diritto alimentare. Nella parte conclusiva l'autore sostiene che stabilire la responsabilità amministrativa degli agricoltori in quanto operatori del settore alimentare tenendo conto della specificità dell'attività agricola, in particolare una selezione delle sanzioni, circostanze di esenzioni da responsabilità, regolazioni della confluenza della responsabilità, sia di notevole importanza per garantire l'efficacia delle disposizioni del diritto alimentare in materia dei requisiti relativi allo svolgimento dell'attività agricola nel campo della produzione alimentare. ; 18 ; 1 ; 33 ; 48 ; 3 ; Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

The process of globalization in the production and distribution of food, ongoing for many years, causes a number of problems. Agreement on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), negotiated since 2013 by the US and the EU, is one of the instruments to manage of globalization process. The Agreement is aimed at liberalization of trade of goods and services. This article presents the US and the EU regulation on genetically modified food and assessment of the consequences of TTIP Agreement for the regulation of GM food in the EU. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the approach to genetically modified food in the legal regulations of the EU and the US vary significantly. In the US, it was assumed that GM food is not different from conventional food and, consequently, the consumer does not need to be informed on GM food contents. In opposition to the US approach the EU law separately regulates GM food and gives the consumer the ability to make choice of food which differs only by the usage of genetic engineering. Authors conclude, that the signing of TTIP and the full opening of the EU market for food from the US may result in loss of supervision over genetically modified food by EU public authorities as well as the collapse of the EU model of consumer protection based on the precautionary principle. ; Postępujący od wielu lat proces globalizacji w produkcji i dystrybucji żywności wywołuje szereg problemów. Instrumentem służącym do zarządzania tym procesem jest w szczególności negocjowana od 2013 r. przez USA i UE umowa o Transatlantyckim Partnerstwie Handlowo-Inwestycyjnym (TTIP). Ma ona na celu wzajemną liberalizację handlu towarami i usługami. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie amerykańskiej i unijnej regulacji dotyczącej żywności genetycznie zmodyfikowanej oraz ocena konsekwencji zawarcia porozumienia TTIP dla regulacji żywności GMO w UE. Analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że podejście do żywności genetycznie modyfikowanej w regulacji prawnej UE i USA jest zupełnie odmienne. W USA przyjęto założenie, iż żywność GMO nie różni się od żywności konwencjonalnej, a w konsekwencji konsument nie musi być informowany o żywności GMO. W przeciwieństwie do regulacji amerykańskiej prawo UE odrębnie reguluje żywność genetycznie zmodyfikowaną i daje konsumentowi możliwość dokonywania samodzielnego wyboru żywności różniącej się wyłącznie zastosowaniem inżynierii genetycznej. W konkluzji autorzy stwierdzają, iż zawarcie TTIP i pełne otwarcie rynku UE na żywność z USA może spowodować utratę nadzoru nad żywnością GMO przez władze publiczne w UE i załamanie unijnego modelu ochrony konsumenta opartego na zasadzie ostrożności.