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DEFINITION OF THE TERM: It is a difficult task to define the term "responsibility". It can be understood as a moral value or as a legal principle, and both concepts can result in different understandings of the term. The issue of responsibility is topical in relation to contemporary civilizational problems. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERM: The article discusses the historical and cultural context in which moral responsibility became an ethical concept of primary importance. It is argued that rejecting or not taking moral responsibility has harmful social consequences. DISCUSSION OF THE TERM: The issue of responsibility is discussed from axiological, legal, and moral perspectives. Various ways of understanding this term are presented that are based on the concepts of Polish and German philosophers who have studied the ethics of responsibility. SYSTEMATIC REFLECTION WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article discusses the links between philosophical reflections on responsibility and Catholic Social Teaching, including the teachings of Benedict XVI and Francis I. These papal teachings address the following contemporary philosophical concepts of responsibility: 1) the sources of moral responsibility; 2) the difference between legal and moral responsibility; 3) the historical and civilizational challenges that have led to changes in understandings of the concept of responsibility. Pope Benedict XVI's logic of gift and Francis I's integral ecology are both extensions of the philosophical concept of responsibility. ; Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow ; BenedictXVI. (2009). Encyklika Caritas in veritate. Ointegralnym rozwoju ludzkim w miłości i prawdzie. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Wrocławskiej Księgarni Archidiecezjalnej. Filek, J. (2003). Filozofia odpowiedzialności XX wieku. Kraków: Znak. Filek, J. (2004). Filozofia odpowiedzialności. Teksty źródłowe. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Franciszek I. (2015), Encyklika Laudato si'. Poświęcona trosce o wspólny dom. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Wrocławskiej Księgarni Archidiecezjalnej. Ingarden, R. (1987). O odpowiedzialności i jej podstawach ontycznych [Über die Verantwortung. Ihre ontischen Fundamente], trans. A. Węgrzecki. In: R. Ingarden, Książeczka o człowieku. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 73–111. Responsibility 181 Jaspers, K. (1990). Wolność [Freiheit], trans. D. Lachowska. In: K. Jaspers. Filozofia egzystencji. Wybór pism. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 163–194. Jonas, H. (1996). Zasada odpowiedzialności. Etyka dla cywilizacji technologicznej [Imperative of Responsibility], trans. M. Klimowicz. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Platan. Klose, A. (1985). Katolicka Nauka Społeczna. Jej prawa i aktualność [Die Katholische Soziallehre. Ihr Anspruch – ihre Aktualität], trans. Z. Pietraszun. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. Picht, G. (1981). Pojęcie odpowiedzialności [Der Begriff der Verantwortung], trans. K. Michalski. In: G. Picht. Odwaga utopii. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Sutor, B. (1994). Etyka polityczna. Ujęcie całościowe na gruncie chrześcijańskiej nauki społecznej [Politische Ethik. Gesamtdarstellung auf der Basis der christlichen Gesellschaftslehre], trans. A. Marcol. Warszawa: "Kontrast", Wydawnictwo Fundacji ATK.

DEFINITION OF THE TERM: Arriving at an adequate definition of the term "violence" is problematic due to the complexity involved in understanding the intentions of a perpetrator of violence. Different approaches to violence depend on the researcher's methodological and contentual approach. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERM: The article outlines the historical context of the various approaches to violence, including those of the Sophists and those formulated within modern political philosophy founded on the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The two concepts differ but share the conviction that institutional violence used by a sovereign is an important aspect of enforcing legal order in a state. DISCUSSION OF THE TERM: Violence is not a typical ethical problem. In this section of the article, the causes of violence are analysed and characterised from psychological, sociological, and cognitive science perspectives. Violent behaviour is treated as resulting from both individual and socio-institutional dysfunctions. Analysis is based on axiological theories (Max Scheler), political philosophy (Hannah Arendt), theories based on cognitive research on the causes of evil (Simon Baron-Cohen), and the findings of social psychologists and sociologists who investigate violence (Irena Pospiszyl, Agnieszka Widera-Wysoczyńska, Jacek Pyżalski). SYSTEMATIC REFLECTION WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The philosophical approach to violence seeks to understand the essential nature of violence, which in the context of this article is understood as a key aspect of moral evil. We often encounter various forms of aggression and violence (both physical and mental) in social life. Recently, we have witnessed an intensification of verbal and pictorial violence within the media. This section of the article lists the publications that are devoted to violence (apart from those that are included in the References). ; Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow ; Anzenbacher, A. (2010). Chrisliche Sozialethik. Einführung und Prinzipen [Wprowadzenie do chrześcijańskiej etyki społecznej], trans. L. Łysień. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. Arendt, H. (2003). Responsibility and Judgment [Odpowiedzialność osobista w warunkach dyktatury], trans. W. Madej and M. Godyń. In: H. Arendt, Odpowiedzialność i władza sądzenia. Warszawa: Pruszyński i S-ka. Violence 275 Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Zero Degrees of Evil [Teoria zła. O empatii i genezie okrucieństwa], trans. A. Nowak. Sopot: Wydawnictwo Smak Słowa. Hobbes, T. (2005). Leviathan [Lewiatan, czyli materia, forma i władza państwa kościelnego i świeckiego], trans. Cz. Znamierowski. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia. Krokiewicz, A. (1995). Zarys filozofii greckiej. Od Talesa do Platona. Arystoteles, Pirron i Plotyn. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. (2005). Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church. Kielce: Wydawnictwo Jedność. Retrieved from: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace (accessed: 18.02.2020). Pospiszyl, I. (2008). Przemoc w rodzinie. In: B. Urban and J.M. Stanik (ed.), Resocjalizacja. Vol. 2. Warszawa: PWSPR, PWN, 71‒80. Pyżalski, J. (2012). Agresja elektroniczna wśród dzieci i młodzieży. Kraków: Impuls. Rousseau, J.-J. (1956). Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité [Rozprawa o pochodzeniu nierówności], transl. H. Elzenberg. In: J.-J. Rousseau, Trzy rozprawy z filozofii społecznej. Warszawa: PWN, 107–278. Scheler, M. (1988). Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik [Stosunek wartości "dobry" i "zły" do pozostałych wartości i do dóbr] (fragm.), trans. W. Galewicz. In: W. Galewicz (ed.), Z fenomenologii wartości. Teksty filozoficzne. Kraków: Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, 60–66. Wojtyła, K. (1986). Wykłady lubelskie. Człowiek i moralność. Part III. Ed. T. Styczeń et al. Lublin: Wydawnictwo TN KUL. Widera-Wysoczyńska, A. (2010), Mechanizmy p

tł. Paweł Jędrzejko ; The article offers an analysis of the problems of technology in the context of exercising power in an organization. The power of the system today is addressed in terms of the "rule of numbers," based on the impersonal authority of the algorithms which is an extension of the modern concept of the instrumental reason. In keeping with the rules of efficiency the employees manifest modes of behavior analogous to those characterizing the functioning of technology and specifically emphasized by Max Horkheimer and Jacques Ellul. In the author's view, the rule of the algorithm-based technological systems leads to the atrophy of the moral responsibility and the loss of agency. Attempting to defend the idea of man's free agency in the context of the algorithm-based technological system, the author invokes Hans Jonas's theory of moral responsibility and refers to the concept of "ethical anarchism" as proposed by Emmanuel Lévinas ; Bibliography Arendt, Hannah. Responsibility and Judgment. Edited and with Introduction Jerome Kohn. New York: Schocken Books, 2003. Bacon, Francis. Selected Writings of Sir Francis Bacon. New York: Franklin Library, 1982. Bauman, Zygmunt. Modernity and Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. Critcheley, Simon. Infinitely Demanding. A Political Ethics. London: Verso, 2007. Davis, Kevin E., Benedict Kingsbury, and Sally E. Merry. "Indicators as a Technology of Global Governance." Journal of the Law and Society Association, vol. 46, no. 1 (March 2012), 71–104. Dusek, Val. Philosophy of Technology. An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited Ltd., 2006. Ellul, Jacques. The Technological Society, with an Introduction by Robert K. Merton. New York: Vintage Books, 1964. Ellul, Jacques. Technological System. Translated by Joachim Neugroschel. New York: The Continuum Publishing Corporation, 1980. Galloway, Alexander R. Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004. Galloway, Alexander R. Gaming: Essays on Algorithmic Culture. Electronic Mediations. Volume 18, Minneapolis–London: University of Minnesota Press, 2006. Gehlen, Arnold. Anthropologische und sozialpsychologische Untersuchungen. Hamburg: Rowohlt Repertoire, 1986. Gillespie, Tarleton. The Relevance of Algorithms. In: Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, edited by Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo J. Boczkowski, and Kristen A. Foot, 167–193. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2014. Heidegger, Martin. The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays. Translated by William Lovitt. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1977. Horkheimer, Max. Critique of Instrumental Reason. Lectures and Essays since the End of World War II. Translated by Mathew O'Connell. New York: Seabury Press, 1974. Iwasiński, Łukasz. "Społeczne zagrożenia danetyzacji rzeczywistości." In: Nauka o informacji w okresie zmian: informatologia i humanistyka cyfrowa, edited by Barbara Sosińska-Kalata, Maria Przastek-Samokowa, and Zuzanna Wiorogórska, 135–147. Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Bibliotekarzy Polskich, 2016. Jędrzejczyk, Zbigniew, Karol Kukuła, Jerzy Skrzypczyk, and Anna Walkosz. Badania operacyjne w przykładach i zadaniach. Warszawa: PWN, 2011. Jonas, Hans. Imperative of Responsibility. In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984. Kapuściński, Ryszard. Shah of Shahs. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 2006. Kline, Stephen J. "What is Technology?" Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, vol. 5, no. 3 (1985), 215–218. 53 Lorenzi Jean-Hervé, and Berrebi Mickaël. L'avenir de notre liberté. Paris: Groupe Eyrolles, 2017. Lévinas, Emmanuel. Otherwise Than Being or Beyond Essence. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991. Mager, Astrid. "Algorithmic Ideology: How Capitalist Society Shapes Search Engines." Information, Communication & Society, vol. 15, no. 5 (2012), 769–787. Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of Machine: Technics and Human Development. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich, Publishers, 1967. Prensky, Marc. "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants." On the Horizon, vol. 9, no. 5 (October 2001). MCB University Press. http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20 -%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf. Postman, Neil. Technopoly. The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing, 1992. Seyfert, Robert, and Roberge Jonathan. Algorithmic Cultures. Essays on Meaning, Performance and New Technologies. London and New York: Routledge, 2016. Skinner, Burruhs F. Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing, 1971. Szpunar, Magdalena. Kultura algorytmów. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2019. Taylor, Charles. Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004. Wojewoda, Mariusz. "Narratives about Cyborgization in the Context of Technoevolution." Logos i Ethos, vol. 52 (2020), 11–32. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Hachette Book Group, Inc., 2019.

The paper has a review character, and the presented analysis is based on theoretical considerations referring to the works of other authors. The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the importance of human creativity in the context of technology development, with special emphasis on artificial intelligence. For the purpose of exploration, the study applies philosophical methods, especially methods typical of ethical reflections, also supported by the analysis of existing data derived from social sciences, especially contemporary sociology. The study is synthetic in nature and includes theoretical considerations concerning several issues. Positive and creative possibilities of using artificial intelligence in social and economic life were shown. Potential threats that may be associated with the inappropriate use of artificial intelligence – robots and information systems were also identified. Potential threats resulting from too much trust of people in algorithms were shown. Attention is focused on social and ethical aspects of the human-machine relationship, with special emphasis on the dimension of pragmatism, trust and fascination with new technologies, as well as the principles of robot ethics. A significant part of the considerations also refers to the effects of automation processes, including the functioning of the labour market, human creative abilities and appropriate competences. The third part of the study indicates still undeveloped research fields related to artificial intelligence. The conducted analysis may indicate the direction for further sociological and philosophical research that considers the specificity of the artificial intelligence functioning and seeks support in interdisciplinary research teams.