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Philosophical aspects of law and jurisprudence are investigated from various points of view. This collection represents the analytic approach to legal philosophy. However, this approach is not extreme in the sense that it is limited exclusively to linguistic matters. The concept of norm as a directive of conduct is the central category analyzed in particular essays. The structure of directives as well as their semantic and pragmatic roles are studied. Pragmatic functions of directives are linked with their functioning as speech acts. Moreover, existence and validity of norms are analyzed. The author also touches on general methodological problems of legal theory and philosophy, particularly their relations to social sciences. The collection covers material interesting for philosophers, lawyers and social scientists

Abstract
This paper investigates the basis arguments of so-called legal logic and their relation to logic in its standard meaning. There is no doubt that legal arguments belong to logic in the wide sense (sensu largo), but their reduction to schemes of formal logic (logica sensu stricto) is a controversial issue. It can be demonstrated that only some legal arguments fall under explicit rules of formal logic, that is, having a deductive character. Most such reasoning is fallible, and its correctness depends on appealing to extra-logical principles taken from legal norms. For instance, if we say, "If it is permitted more, then it is permitted less" (argumentum a maiori ad minus), we assume that the concepts expressed by the words "more" and "less" are already defined.

Abstract
This paper briefly discusses the relations between logic and metalogic in history. Metalogic is understood as a reflection on logic in its various senses, particularly sensu stricto (formal, mathematical) and sensu largo (formal logic plus semantic plus methodology of science). It is shown that metalogic in its contemporary understanding arose after mathematical logic had become a mature discipline. Special passage is devoted to metalogic in Poland. The last part of the paper discussed so-called logocentric predicament.

Artykuł polemizuje z tekstem Pawła T. Skoczygłowy, mianowicie z tezami że (a) orzeczenie Trybunał Konstytucyjnego z 10 XII 2014 r. o dopuszczalności uboju rytualnego w Polsce jest właściwe; (b) ubój rytualny jesr usprawiedliwiony moralnie; (c) rytualne zabijanie zwierząt bez ogłuszania jest procederem stosunkowo humanitarnym. W szczególności, po pierwsze, Trybunał Konstytucyjny wykroczył poza petitum wniosku złożonego przez Związek Gmin Wyznaniowych Żydowskich, po drugie, dopuszczono ubój nie tylko na potrzeby religijne wyznawców judaizmu i islamu, ale także, komercyjny, po trzecie, ubój rytualny, może kiedyś był bardziej humanitarny, ale już nie jest. Wreszcie, Polska może stawiać wyżej interesy zwierząt niż inne kryteria, ale nie musi tego czynić.

The article discusses the theory of law in terms of the extent to which it is part of jurisprudence, on the one hand, and a philosophical pursuit, on the other. The question is explored considering the historical development of the legal sciences and the situation of Polish theory of law in the latter half of the twentieth century. Also, the author relies on the analysis of selected theoreticallegal concepts, notably the so-called multiplane theory of law and the views thought of Zygmunt Ziembiński. The conclusions suggest that philosophy is inevitable in jurisprudence.

This paper concerns metaphilosophy and its role in philosophy, particularly in analytic movement. In Introduction the genesis of the term "metaphilosophy" is described and function of metaphilosophical considerations – is it also argued that metaphilosophy is a part of philosophy. The relation of philosophy to science is considered as one the most important metaphilosophical problems. Since the author represents an analytic approach to philosophy, he devotes a separate section to general aspect of metaphilosophy in the context of analytic movement in contemporary philosophy. The method of paraphrases, illustrated by several examples, is proposed as a tool of philosophical analysis.

AbstractThis paper provides an interpretation of Father Bocheński's saying "Beyond logic there is only nonsense." He considered the battle against superstitions of various kinds as one of the most important intellectual and social duties. The phrase in itself suggests that logic is a weapon in the mentioned battle. Logic is understood broadly, that is, as semantics, formal logic and the methodology of science, and was considered by Bocheński as the main instrument of rational philosophy. Hence, the formula under discussion has an explicit metaphilosophical significance, although Bochenski's understanding of the concept of differs from that of the Vienna Circle.

Abstract
This paper discusses the main logical ideas put forward by Jan Łukasiewicz within their historical context and further development.

Abstract
The paper discusses the concept of adequacy central for Pertażycki's methodology. According to Petrażycki any valuable scientific theory should be adequate, that is, neither limping (to broad with respect its actual scope) nor jumping (too narrow with respect to its actual scope). Consequently, adequacy of a theory is a stronger condition than its truth. Every adequacy theory is true, but not conversely. However, there is problem, because scientific laws are conditionals (implications). This suggests that adequacy is too strong conditions, because the consequence of an implication has a wider scope than its antecedent. Thus, laws should have the form of equivalence. The paper shows how model-theoretic characterization of theories allows to recognize truth and adequacy, consistently with Petrażycki's claims.

THE PUBLIC SPHERE, THE PRIVATE SPHERE AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOMThis paper considers the problem of religious freedom in the context of Polish Constittution 1997. One should distinguish religious liberty right to do something and religious freedom in­dependence of religion. Both cases are difficult to be sharply delimited, similarly as interference of religious sphere and out-religious sphere comprising law and morality as basic forms of social con­trol. The rational regulation of the problem of religious liberty and freedom should aim at a proper equilibrium between sacrum and profanum in the democratic system. The author points out that Polish state does not succeed in this respect.

Przedmiotem artykułu jest pojęcie pamięci zbiorowej, rozpatrywanej przez pryzmat 'historii przeżytej' – występującej w dwu postaciach: 'przeżytej w sensie przedmiotowym' i 'przeżytej w sensie treściowym' – oraz 'historii zobiektywizowanej'. Uwzględniając polskie kontrowersje wokół książek Jana Tomasza Grossa: Sąsiedzi. Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka (wyd. polskie 2000) i Strach. Antysemityzm w Polsce tuż po wojnie (wyd. polskie 2008), autor kwestionuje pojęcie jednolitej pamięci zbiorowej i jej normatywne roszczenia. Pamięć kolektywna i dominująca narracja historyczna są często przedmiotem manipulacji politycznych jako sposobu na potwierdzenie jedności społecznej poprzez wykluczenie cudzych wspomnień. Pamięć o przeszłości jest w rzeczywistości podzielona między różne grupy społeczne i etniczne, które nigdy nie tworzyły spójnej jedności. Nie ma możliwości pogodzenia tych przeciwnych wspomnień; jedynym możliwym sposobem nadania pamięci zbiorowej kształtu pożądanego w porządku demokratycznym jest konfrontacja i negocjowanie tych rozbieżnych poglądów, czyli dokonywanie 'transakcji dialogicznych'.

Gaunilo argued that Anselm could prove the existence of many perfect objects, for example, the happiest island, that is, happier than any other island. More formally, Gaunilo's arguments were intended to show that the sentence "God exists" does not follow from premises accepted by Anselm. Contemporary versions of the ontological proof use the maximalization procedure in order to demonstrate that God exists as the most perfect being. This paper argues that this method, which is based on maximalization, is not sufficient to prove God's existence. Thus, a "contemporary Gaunilo" can repeat objections raised by his ancestor.