Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- The problem of religion and the state in the Enlightenment -- Defining the radical Enlightenment -- Dutch republicanism and the Patriot Movement -- The development of Edward Gibbon's conservatism -- Adam Smith between the moderate and radical Enlightenments -- Political economy and liberalism -- Edmund Burke between Enlightenment and conservatism -- From radical Enlightenment to moderate liberalism -- The Enlightenment and liberalism in America -- The Enlightenment and liberalism in Latin America -- Women and revolution -- Fichte and Hegel between the Enlightenment and conservatism -- Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism -- French liberal historians and the legacy of the French Revolution -- Alexis de Tocqueville on culture, colonialism, revolution, and democracy -- Lord Macaulay -- The radical liberalism of John Stuart Mill -- Conclusion.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I. Animal Experimentation -- 1. Animal Experimentation and Ethics in the Early Modern Era -- 2. Christiaan Huygens and Animal Experimentation -- Part II. From Philosophy to Historiography in the Enlightenment -- 3. The Turkish Spy and Eighteenth-Century British Theriophily -- 4. Rousseau and Animals -- 5. William Smellie and the Enlightenment Critique of Anthropocentrism -- 6. John Gregory and Scottish Enlightenment Views of Animals -- 7. Buffon, Crèvecoeur, and the Limits of Enlightenment Sensitivity to Animal Suffering -- 8. Animals in Enlightenment Historical Literature -- Part III. Art and Economics -- 9. Seventeenth-Century Netherlandish Paintings of Dead Animals and Changing Perceptions of Animals -- 10. Adam Smith and the Economic Consideration of Animals -- 11. From Symbols to Commodities: The Economization of Animals in the Transition to Modernity -- Bibliography -- Index -- List of Illustrations.

From Antiquity to the Renaissance -- Mercantilism and natural resources -- Pre-classical enlightenment developments -- The physiocrats and the bread riots -- From Adam Smith to classical political economy -- John Stuart Mill and the idea of progress -- Managing nature in the enlightenment -- Ricardo and Malthus on the utilization of nature -- Jean-Baptiste Say and other contemporaries -- John Stuart Mill's attitude toward nature -- Epilogue: from socialism to modernity

Key to the Scottish conception of historical progress was the famous four-stages theory, claiming that all societies, given the proper natural surroundings, would progress from a hunting stage, to a shepherding (pastoral), agricultural, and finally the commercial stage found in modern advanced societies. Scholars have long recognized that each stage was characterized by the development of new modes of acquiring subsistence. What has not been sufficiently emphasized, however, is that stadial theory entailed growing sophistication in utilizing natural resources, thus enhancing the Enlightenment's emphasis on the mastery of nature. The purpose of the present paper is not to revisit these well-studied aspects of Scottish Enlightenment thought, but rather to investigate their intersection. Scholars to date have devoted little attention to how these two topics were often mutually at play in discussions of the progress, or lack thereof, of non-Europeans. This was particularly evident in the thought of Robertson, and to a certain extent also Smith.