Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Analysis of the writings of Kuang Qizhao and other Chinese self-strengtheners suggests that their emphasis on promoting education before democracy and continuing to endorse classical Confucianism were not signs of a retrograde kind of conservatism, but an entirely rational decision based on the actual experiences of late Qing observers of 19th Century American democracy. Observing the U.S. Congress's passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Chinese officials observed the real dangers of demagogue led populism without an educated, moral citizenry and the apparent importance of Christianity to creating the moral foundation for an effective modern society. For Kuang, Confucianism was equivalent to Christianity to establish that moral basis, and not a conservative desire to preserve the old social order. Kuang would pass on his thoughts to some of China's most important reformers and officials on his return home, suggesting he and the officials he associated with had a more realistic and sophisticated understanding of American society and democracy than is currently assumed.

AbstractTheGuangbao, published in Guangzhou between 1886 and 1891, was one of China's earliest native-owned newspapers, with a circulation three times larger than theXunhuan Ribao. The newspaper, founded by Kuang Qizhao, provides important information on the ideas that were circulating at the time in Guangzhou, a place where a number of reformers were beginning to formulate their thoughts. The newspaper may have sown some of the seeds for the nationalism that would become a powerful force after the Sino-Japanese War. TheGuangbaoprotested against the mistreatment of overseas Chinese and printed stories recommending retaliation against Americans. It opposed Western imperialism, advocated a strong national defence, and even suggested annexing Korea. However, the newspaper was not xenophobic and tried to encourage good relations between Chinese and foreigners in China. Unlike future political newspapers, theGuangbaocontinued to support the existing political system—not because of fear or ignorance, but because of a sense that democracy may not have been appropriate for China at this time. Although Kuang was not a supporter of many Neo-Confucian traditions or beliefs, because he equated Confucian morality with Christian morality, and morality was needed to combat corruption, theGuangbaoemphasized Confucian moral training.The newspaper also served as a platform to promote reform ideas. Kuang carefully picked ideas that he felt were appropriate for China, including: free universal and specialized education, women's rights, economic nationalism/industrialization/business, free trade, entrepreneurship through patent and copyright protection, support for the common people versus corrupt officials, and philanthropy.

Hong Kong, an international finance center, has been enjoying great benefits generated by computer-mediated communication ("CMC") in the new Information Age. On the other hand with the rapid and advanced development in technology, Hong Kong's economy is increasingly and irreversibly relying, and made dependent upon CMC and the Internet to operate, because the Internet has become a catalyst of reform and development in other arenas including social, cultural, and public policy. The Information Age raises new criminality concerns as it aggregates traditional criminal problems since great amounts of data are transmitted by and stored on computers is beyond imagination and CMCs are vulnerable to attack by hackers and computers can be used to defraud people and businesses of millions of dollars. Examining computer crime in Hong Kong presents major problems and issues such as agreeing in a commonly accepted definition of computer crime, fully understanding the extent of computer crime in Hong Kong's society, given the fact that only a small fraction of such crime is actually reported and generating the empirical data needed if one wants to develop effective measures to deal with cyberspace's disorder. After a short presentation of these challenges the authors describe, in statistical form, the trend of IT usage and Internet popularity in Hong Kong and also provide an overview of the background, the nature, extent, and distribution, of computer crime in Hong Kong. Subsequently the authors explore and seek to understand the policy, theory, legislative, law enforcement, and preventive measures through education as well as investigate whether the Hong Kong government's regulation of the Internet is excessive or deficient. Concluding that the Hong Kong government and legislation has been passive and/or inadequate and outdated in bringing a deterrence effect to computer criminals while the piecemeal activities of the private sector can hardly be significant or persistent the authors propose a more comprehensive approach in the formation of the computer crime policy, both in the legislative arena and law enforcement. On the other hand the government and private sector co-operation should be promoted but the government should take a stronger leading role, particularly in the area of public awareness and education in computer and information ethic while the study of cyberspace governance in Hong Kong should be encouraged.

Hong Kong, an international finance center, has been enjoying great benefits generated by computer-mediated communication ("CMC") in the new Information Age. On the other hand with the rapid and advanced development in technology, Hong Kong's economy is increasingly and irreversibly relying, and made dependent upon CMC and the Internet to operate, because the Internet has become a catalyst of reform and development in other arenas including social, cultural, and public policy. The Information Age raises new criminality concerns as it aggregates traditional criminal problems since great amounts of data are transmitted by and stored on computers is beyond imagination and CMCs are vulnerable to attack by hackers and computers can be used to defraud people and businesses of millions of dollars. Examining computer crime in Hong Kong presents major problems and issues such as agreeing in a commonly accepted definition of computer crime, fully understanding the extent of computer crime in Hong Kong's society, given the fact that only a small fraction of such crime is actually reported and generating the empirical data needed if one wants to develop effective measures to deal with cyberspace's disorder. After a short presentation of these challenges the authors describe, in statistical form, the trend of IT usage and Internet popularity in Hong Kong and also provide an overview of the background, the nature, extent, and distribution, of computer crime in Hong Kong. Subsequently the authors explore and seek to understand the policy, theory, legislative, law enforcement, and preventive measures through education as well as investigate whether the Hong Kong government's regulation of the Internet is excessive or deficient. Concluding that the Hong Kong government and legislation has been passive and/or inadequate and outdated in bringing a deterrence effect to computer criminals while the piecemeal activities of the private sector can hardly be significant or persistent the authors propose a more comprehensive approach in the formation of the computer crime policy, both in the legislative arena and law enforcement. On the other hand the government and private sector co-operation should be promoted but the government should take a stronger leading role, particularly in the area of public awareness and education in computer and information ethic while the study of cyberspace governance in Hong Kong should be encouraged.

Is measuring poverty an exercise in the art of the possible? Could we have a poverty line which captures both the absolute & relative elements of poverty in one measure? This paper argues for the use of a poverty line for measuring poverty in newly industrialized East Asian societies that is expenditure-based. We present a number of arguments for the expenditure poverty measure, an alternative to the prevalent & popular measures -- absolute & relative poverty. Special reference is made to the social & economic context in East Asia. The case example of Hong Kong is used to demonstrate that the expenditure-based poverty line is a more reliable & sensitive measure. More importantly, this research offers a tool that determines a strategy for social expenditures in terms of poverty alleviation that is in line with a society's social & economic context. 3 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.