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AbstractCultural differences pose a serious challenge to the ethics and governance of artificial intelligence (AI) from a global perspective. Cultural differences may enable malignant actors to disregard the demand of important ethical values or even to justify the violation of them through deference to the local culture, either by affirming the local culture lacks specific ethical values, e.g., privacy, or by asserting the local culture upholds conflicting values, e.g., state intervention is good. One response to this challenge is the human rights approach to AI governance, which is intended to be a universal and globally enforceable framework. The proponents of the approach, however, have so far neglected the challenge from cultural differences or left out the implications of cultural diversity in their works. This is surprising because human rights theorists have long recognized the significance of cultural pluralism for human rights. Accordingly, the approach may not be straightforwardly applicable in "non-Western" contexts because of cultural differences, and it may also be critiqued as philosophically incomplete insofar as the approach does not account for the (non-) role of culture. This commentary examines the human rights approach to AI governance with an emphasis on cultural values and the role of culture. Particularly, I show that the consideration of cultural values is essential to the human rights approach for both philosophical and instrumental reasons.

Current research in Intercultural Information Ethics (IIE) is preoccupied, almost exclusively, by moral and political issues concerning the right and the just (e.g., Hongladarom & Ess 2007; Ess 2008; Capurro 2008) These issues are undeniably important, and with the continuing development and diffusion of ICTs, we can only be sure more moral and political problems of similar kinds are going to emerge in the future. Yet, as important as those problems are, I want to argue that researchers' preoccupation with the right and the just are undesirable. I shall argue that IIE has thus far overlooked the issues pertaining to the good life (or, individual's well-being). IIE, I claim, should also take into account these issues. Hence, I want to propose a new agenda for IIE, i.e. the good life, in the current paper.

Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Notes on the Contributors -- Acknowledgement -- Introduction: Why Confucian Ethics of Technology? -- 1. Confucian Ritual Technicity and Philosophy of Technology -- 2. Dao, Harmony, and Personhood: Toward a Confucian Ethics of Technology -- 3. Technological Mediation in and for Confucianism-Based Cultures -- 4. Self-Cultivation of the Confucian Engineer: What Engineering Ethics Education Can Learn from Confucian Moral Theory -- 5. Artificial Intelligence, Personal Decisions, Consent, and the Confucian Idea of Oneness -- 6. Confucian Personhood and the Scientific Spirit: Ren as the Foundation of Confucian Ethics of Technology -- Epilogue: The Future of Confucian Ethics of Technology -- Index.

This anthology examines the practical role of well-being in contemporary society. It discusses developments such as globalization, consumerism and the rapid innovation and use of new and emerging technologies and focuses on the significant impact of these developments on the well-being of people living today. The anthology brings together researchers from various disciplines, including psychology, economics, sociology, philosophy and development studies. It provides concrete insight on the role and importance of well-being in contemporary society, using a mix of empirical grounding, philosophical rigour and an emphasis on real-world applications. It is unique in that it seeks to understand the relation between well-being research and its application towards real problems. Dr. Johnny Hartz Søraker is Assistant Professor of Philosophy of technology at the Department of Philosophy, University of Twente. He defended his PhD cum laude at the same department, supervised by Prof. Dr. Philip Brey. The dissertation mainly dealt with the epistemology, ontology and ethics of virtual worlds, with a particular focus on their potential impact on personal well-being. Søraker's main research interests and publications lie in the intersections between Information Technology, on the one hand and both theoretical and practical philosophy, on the other. He often grounds his work in psychological research, especially work in the field of Positive Psychology and is developing this toward a comprehensive methodology entitled 'Prudential-Empirical Ethics of Technology (PEET)?.Jan-Willem van der Rijt is Lecturer in Political Philosophy at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Bayreuth. His work addresses issues related to the topics of freedom, happiness and dignity, and has appeared in journals such as Economics and Philosophy, Law and Philosophy, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, and Theory and Decision. Van der Rijt is author of The Importance of Assent: A Theory of Coercion and Dignity (Springer 2012).Jelle de Boer is a lecturer in philosophy at Delft University of Technology. His interests are in philosophy of social science, ethics and social theory. His recent topics of research concerned game theory and well-being. He has recently published in Philosopical Psychology, Biology and Philosophy, and Economics and Philosophy.Pak-Hang Wong is a Research Fellow on Climate Geoengineering Governance at the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society (InSIS) and Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. He works primarily on philosophy and ethics of technology, but he is also interested in climate ethics, social theory, digital media studies, and science and technology studies.Philip Brey is professor of philosophy within the department of philosophy of the University of Twente. He has published extensively in the areas of well-being and technology, ethics of technology, and philosophy of information technology. He is co-editor of Brey, P, Briggle, A. and Spence, D. (eds.), The Good Life in a Technological Age (Routledge, 2012), which covers philosophical, psychological and economic approaches to well-being and technology.