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Academic literature portrays prison officers in various ways; as insensitive figures lurking in the background (Cohen & Taylor, 1972) as brutes prone to violence (Kauffman, 1988) or more positively as noble people struggling to get the job done as best they can (Thomas, 1972). Traditionally, the role of the prison officer is over shadowed by stereotypical views of male officers being uneducated, brutish and insensitive (Crawley, 2004a). Officers were traditionally recruited to the service from a military background, an environment that is as structured and disciplined as the working conditions in the prison service. Women have worked in the prison service for many years, though historically they were confined to administration roles and were in the main, invisible. After the passing of Peel's Gaol Act (1823) only female officers could work in women's prisons, and male governors were replaced with matrons. At the time, it was felt that female demureness, good temper and compassion would rub off on the female prisoners and that reformed prisoners would emulate their behaviour (Zedner, 1991). In England and Wales there is a growing body of literature related to prison officers (Liebling & Price, 2001; Crawley, 2004a; Arnold, 2005; Tait, 2008; Liebling, Price & Shefer, 2011), however, none of this is dedicated to female prison officers. Arguably, this could be due to the fact the profession has traditionally been recognised as a male occupation, and therefore the prison officer literature has been dominated by the thoughts and actions of men. Consequently, we know little of female prison officers' experiences of working in male-dominated, masculine organisations. In particular, we know very little about female prison officers' perspectives on gender specific issues, such as pregnancy and motherhood while working in these institutions, either their own, or the women prisoners they work with. Drawing on qualitative research in a women's prison, this chapter will focus on female prison officers as mothers and their roles and relationships with women in prison who are also mothers. The chapter will explore how gendered experiences such as pregnancy, miscarriage, child birth and child-rearing (of both the officers and women prisoners), can create unique emotional burdens for some female officers, impacting their working role, home life and relationships with the women they work with. The chapter will go on to illustrate the ways in which these female officers manage, or mis-manage their emotions whilst presenting as professional in this male dominated workplace.

Re-examines previous studies about North--South trade and female labour. These have started from information on exports and imports and used this to identify subsectors in manufacturing in which the gender composition of employment was then examined. In contrast, looks at manufacturing as a whole. The growth of exports has increased the relative demand for female labour in the South, but there has not been a counterpart reduction in the North. (SJK)

Exam Board: SQA Level: National 5 Subject: History First Teaching: September 2017 First Exam: Summer 2018 The recent changes in assessment for National 5 History have been fully incorporated in this new edition, as have changes in subject content which affect some but not all areas of the course. New marking rules systems and mark allocations have been fully recognised, and much fuller help and guidance has been provided in the assessment sections at the end of each chapter. This book: - Presents comprehensive coverage of the main areas of mandatory content - Provides guidance on assignment writing and assessment procedures for exam practice - Explains newly-introduced concepts and words with glossary boxes throughout the text - Offers suggestions are offered for further topic exploration beyond the textbook

PurposeThis introduction aims to review the present state of research on employment relations in Africa, and provide an overview of subsequent papers.Design/methodology/approachThe article provides a brief review on the journal issue.FindingsDespite considerable diversity across the continent, a number of common issues and themes emerge. These would include the sharp divide between formal and informal work, the problems faced by unions in organizing in contexts where formal employment is shrinking, and the often negative effects of liberalization. What all the articles in this special issue point to is that the prospects of enhancing the quality of working life, and imparting greater fairness to the implementation of the employment contract is contingent on both national institution building – allowing for the nurturing of complementarities conducive to the expansion, entrenchment and development of higher value added production paradigms – and fairer terms, more equitable relations with the developed world.Practical implicationsUnderstanding of the practice of employment relations in Africa can be greatly advanced through collaborative initiatives aimed at developing the capacity of emerging scholars and ensuring that the work of more mature scholars of employment based at African universities receives the exposure it deserves.Originality/valueThe article introduces the papers in the issue.