Suchergebnisse

Following a brief review of security measures in British jurisdictions in the late 18th century, state security legislative developments in the US vs Canada through the early 19th century are compared. In both lower & upper Canada (including loyalist British provinces) & the US in the wake of the American Revolution, the historical evidence reveals a striking similarity between the attitudes of governing elites toward migration, aliens, & naturalization, as well as toward matters of internal political dissent. New methods of governance were sought to identify & marginalize outsiders & reinforce the behavior of "good citizens." An identity-based conceptualization of citizenship that transcended traditional religious, cultural, & ethnic solidarities was supported by regulatory initiatives by the state & reinforced by legislation that strictly demarcated the boundaries of the political community; repressive initiatives were accepted as a way of ensuring conformity to the moral standards of this community. The formulation & passage of specific landmark alien, naturalization, & sedition acts by jurisdictions in lower/upper Canada & the US are discussed; issues of legal & civil rights are also considered. K. Hyatt Stewart

Previous research has hypothesized that males and females evaluate the level of fairness of a particular decision using different conceptual models of justice. Other research has proposed that one's sex‐role orientation, i.e. whether a person has masculine or feminine traits, provides another perspective when judging a decision as being fair or unfair. In this paper we propose to test whether sex‐role orientation does indeed tell a different story than simply using biological sex as a predictor.

AbstractSubstantial research attention has been directed to the victims and survivors of layoffs; however, the downsizers themselves have escaped similar attention. We conducted in‐depth interviews with 10 downsizers to try and understand what effects, if any, are associated with laying others off. Several themes emerged consistently, suggesting that downsizing others is professionally demanding and leads to role overload, a search for meaning, social and organizational isolation, a decline in personal well‐being, and decreased family functioning. Similarities and differences in the experiences of survivors and their executioners, and executioners and "jury members" are considered, and the question of why downsizers have not been studied previously is posed. We conclude by presenting an "outcome" model that describes the stages of this experience for downsizers, and we begin to identify strategies for ensuring downsizers' organizational effectiveness and personal well‐being, as well as a research agenda.RésuméLes chercheurs ont accordé beaucoup d'importance aux victimes et aux rescapés de mises à pied, sans porter toutefois attention aux dirigeants responsables des compressions d'effectifs. C'est pourquoi nous avons interviewé dix individus ayant effectué des compressions menant au licenciement d'employés. Il s'agissait de savoir d'abord si ces individus avaient été affectés par le renvoi d'employés et, dans l'affirmative, d'indiquer en quoi ces réductions les avaient touchés. De ces interviews se sont dégagées des constantes. Cǒté profession, nous avons noté chez le "downsizer," premièrement, une surcharge de travail, puis un questionnement et, enfin, son isolement, à la fois social et organisationnel. Cǒté personnel, nous avons remarqué chez lui une qualité de vie déclinante de měme qu'une vie familiale perturbée. Bref, nous avons voulu tenir compte de ce qu'ont en commun victime et ≪ bourreau ≫ et de ce qui sépare l'un de l'autre. Il nous importait de tenir compte également de ce qui lie et de ce qui éloigne le ≪ bourreau≫ du ≪ jury ≫. En outre, nous nous sommes demandé pourquoi les chercheurs avaient négligé d'étudier les dirigeants qui effectuent des compressions. C'est ainsi que nous avons pu construire un modèle qui permet de décrire l'itinéraire d'un dirigeant dans cette situation. Il nous a été possible également de suggérer des stratégies susceptibles d'assurer au "downsizer" son efficacité organisationnelle et d'améliorer son bien‐ětre personnel. Enfin, nous proposons un programme de recherches portant sur le "downsizer," personnage jusqu'ici délaissé par les chercheurs.

BACKGROUND: Disorganised attachment patterns in infants have been linked to later psychopathology. Services have variable practices for identifying and providing interventions for families of children with disorganised attachment patterns, which is the attachment pattern leading to most future psychopathology. Several recent government reports have highlighted the need for better parenting interventions in at risk groups. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of available parenting interventions for families of children at high risk of developing, or already showing, a disorganised pattern of attachment. METHODS: Population: Studies were included if they involved parents or caregivers of young children with a mean age under 13 years who had a disorganised classification of attachment or were identified as at high risk of developing such problems. Included interventions were aimed at parents or caregivers (e.g. foster carers) seeking to improve attachment. Comparators included an alternative intervention, an attention control, treatment as usual or no intervention. The primary outcome was a disorganised pattern in childhood measured using a validated attachment instrument. Studies that did not use a true Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) design were excluded from the review. Both published and unpublished papers were included, there were no restrictions on years since publication and foreign language papers were included where translation services could be accessed within necessary timescales. RESULTS: A comprehensive search of relevant databases yielded 15,298 papers. This paper reports a systematic review as part of an NIHR HTA study identifying studies pre-2012, updated to include all papers to October 2016. Two independent reviewers undertook two stage screening and data extraction of the included studies at all stages. A Cochrane quality assessment was carried out to assess the risk of bias. In total, fourteen studies were included in the review. In a meta-analysis of these fourteen studies the interventions saw less disorganised attachment at outcome compared to the control (OR = 0.50, (0.32, 0.77), p = 0.008). The majority of the interventions targeted maternal sensitivity. We carried out exploratory analyses to examine factors that may influence treatment outcome but these should be treated with caution given that we were limited by small numbers of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting interventions that target parental sensitivity show promise in reducing disorganised attachment. This is limited by few high quality studies and the fact that most studies are with mothers. More high quality randomised controlled trials are required to elucidate this further.