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AbstractThis article discusses the multiple expressions of women's agency through the case study of Tao Shan (1756–1780), a Chinese Buddhist laywoman in the eighteenth century. By focusing on the poems of Tao Shan and her life and afterlife accounts composed by Peng Shaosheng (1740–1796), a Buddhist layman and Tao Shan's religious mentor, this study aims to reveal how Tao Shan diverged from Peng Shaosheng with respect to androcentric discourses in Buddhism and approaches to promoting Pure Land belief and practice. This article argues that Tao Shan's agency was constituted and demonstrated not through confrontational challenges to the patriarchal structure, but through dismissing and benignly ignoring the Buddhist and Confucian concepts that degraded women in order to embrace and uphold the concepts that justify gender equality.

AbstractBackgroundPersonal narratives play an essential role in children's social and academic development. However, children with Down syndrome have ongoing challenges with constructing and communicating personal narratives.MethodsUsing a single‐case multiple‐probe across participants design, we examined whether a targeted intervention could improve both micro‐ and macro‐structural aspects of personal narratives from Chinese adolescents with Down syndrome.ResultsAll three participants demonstrated high treatment effects in two macrostructural narrative outcomes (i.e., narrative element complexity and narrative coherence) in response to the intervention and moderate to high treatment effects in the microstructural narrative outcomes (i.e., the mean length of utterance in words and the number of different words). However, all participants demonstrated limited improvements in narrative cohesion. These effects were maintained and generalised in a different narrative condition.ConclusionsThe preliminary findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of the personal narrative intervention incorporated with self‐monitoring strategies for adolescents with Down syndrome.

The U.S. active-duty military population may differ from the U.S. general population in its exposure to cancer risk factors and access to medical care. Yet, it is not known if cancer incidence rates differ between these two populations. We therefore compared the incidence of four cancers common in U.S. adults (lung, colorectum, prostate, and breast cancers) and two cancers more common in U.S. young adults (testicular and cervical cancers) in the military and general populations. Data from the Department of Defense's Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR) and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) nine cancer registries for the years 1990-2004 for persons aged 20-59 years were analyzed. Incidence rates were significantly lower in the military population for colorectal cancer in white men, lung cancer in white and black men and white women, and cervical cancer in black women. In contrast, incidence rates of breast and prostate cancers were significantly higher in the military among both whites and blacks. Incidence rates of testicular cancer did not differ between ACTUR and SEER. Although the numbers of diagnoses among military personnel were relatively small for temporal trend analysis, we found a more prominent increase in prostate cancer in ACTUR than in SEER. Overall, these results suggest that cancer patterns may differ between military and non-military populations. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore contributing factors.