Suchergebnisse

As China government gives full play to the role of digital technology in driving and leading the development of economy and society, policy issues on China internet governance have gained wide attractions from academics and practitioners. Grounded on a unique textual dataset collected from China official law and regulation database with over 300 central and local government laws and regulations on internet governance released during the period of 1994 and 2017,this study investigates the evolutional characteristics of the policy central topics, policy subjective and policy orientation in the timeframe of 1994 to 2017.This paper contributes to the existing knowledge accumulation not only in its uncovering of the evolutional logic hidden in the large swaths of policy text but also by introducing a computational text analysis approach to facilitate the text oriented policy evaluation.

We examine how governance environment affects business activities across countries. Using an updated framework of governance environments, we classify countries into three groups based on their dominant modes of governance: (1) rule-based (strong rule of law), (2) relation-based (weak rule of law and strong informal network based on private relations), and (3) neither-based (absence of both public rules and private network). We then examine how different governance types affect trade patterns and foreign investment flows. Chapter 2 theoretically proposes that the governance environment of a society plays a significant role in influencing international trade and foreign investment across countries. Chapter 3 examines how different governance types affect trade patterns among 44 countries. Overall, we find that rule-based countries trade more than relation-based or neither-based countries. A large positive effect on trade flows exists between two highly rule-based countries and between two relation-based countries. Any trade relationship involving a neither-based country negatively affects trade flows, even between two neither-based countries. In Chapter 4, we examine how different governance types affect foreign investment flows among 44 countries. We find that rule-based countries attract the lowest amount of EDI relative to total amount of foreign investment, and they have the largest stock market size relative to their economies. This thesis is among the first to introduce the third category of governance—neither-based governance. This advancement will contribute to both the institution and political economy literature. Using the updated framework of governance to explore trade and foreign investment patterns of many countries, especially of those relatively undeveloped countries, will contribute the international business literature. In addition to academic contributions, this study provides important policy implications to those neither-based countries. We suggest that in considering trade and foreign investment policies, governments should pay close attention to the governance environments to evaluate their own and their partners' situations when conducting international business such as trade and foreign investment.

Abstract
Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and society. As a fundamental concept of graph theory, the path connecting nodes and edges plays a vital role in network science. Rather than focusing on the path length or path centrality, here we draw attention to the path multiplicity related to decision-making efficiency, which is defined as the number of shortest paths between node pairs and thus characterizes the routing choice diversity. Notably, through extensive empirical investigations from this new perspective, we surprisingly observe a "hesitant-world" feature along with the "small-world" feature, and find a universal power-law of the path multiplicity, meaning that a small number of node pairs possess high path multiplicity. We demonstrate that the power-law of path multiplicity is much stronger than the power-law of node degree, which is known as the scale-free property. Then we show that these phenomena can not be captured by existing classical network models. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between the path multiplicity and existing typical network metrics, such as average shortest path length, clustering coefficient, assortativity coefficient and node centralities. We demonstrate that the path multiplicity is a distinctive network metric. These results expand our knowledge of network structure and provide a novel viewpoint for network design and optimization with significant potential applications in biological, social and man-made networks.

The study of the Chinese writing is one of the main tasks of Russian Sinology. Since the beginning of 18th century, Russian Sinologists have begun to study of the Manchurian language. Being a representative research work in this field, the Complete Manchurian-Russian Dictionary by I.I. Zakharov is a valuable and indispensable reference book for studying the Manchurian language in the modern scientific community. In the preface to the dictionary, Zakharov analyzed the stages of development and evolution of Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolian and Manchu writing created by ethnic minorities in northern China since the 10th century, which reveal the true face of Chinese society of that era in linguistic and cultural terms.

Appearance of the "Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary" caused a resonance in the academic community on Manchu studies. Today, the dictionary remains significant in this area ofstudy, and continues contributing to the compilation of other dictionaries of the Manchu language. The author of the dictionary, Ivan Ilyich Zakharov, was famous not only for his knowledge of Manchu language, but also for China in general. The content of the dictionary not only represents Zakharov's understanding of the Manchu vocabulary, but also reflects the knowledge of Qing dynasty by Russian sinologists.

Purpose
This study aims to examine the relationship between renqing and purchase intentions and the mechanism of its impact in the Chinese business-to-business (B2B) context.


Design/methodology/approach
Renqing in China has played an important role in business relationships and has been receiving increased attention in both practice and theory. However, little is known about whether it can influence purchase intentions in a rational B2B condition. This research aims to examine the relationship between renqing and purchase intentions and the mechanism of its impact in the Chinese B2B context. Based on a survey of 1,010 industry buyers from 468 Chinese downstream buyer companies, the empirical findings indicate a positive relationship between renqing and purchase intentions and the mediating role of long-term orientation (LTO) for increasing purchase intentions. In addition, this study also finds that product involvement (PI) has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between renqing and purchase intentions, which means that renqing has a big positive effect on purchase intentions in low PI conditions. The results highlight several implications for B2B companies that sell products to Chinese enterprises.


Findings
The empirical findings indicate a positive relationship between renqing and purchase intentions and the mediating role of LTO for increasing purchase intentions. In addition, this study also finds that PI has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between renqing and purchase intentions, which means that renqing has a big positive effect on purchase intentions in low PI conditions.


Originality/value
First of all, by answering the research question, this study shows that renqing has a positive effect on purchase intentions in Chinese B2B context. Second, this study elucidates the influence mechanism of renqing on purchase intention and identifies the mediating effect of LTO and the moderating effect of PI.