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Article ; This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier Masson via the DOI in this record. ; Introduction: Features of built environment have been related to behavior modification and might stimulate cognitive activity with a potential impact on cognitive health in later life. The aim of this study is to investigate cross-sectional associations between features of land use, cognitive impairment and dementia and also explore urban and rural differences in these associations. Methods: Postcodes of the 7505 community-based participants (age 65+) in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II (collected in 2008–2011) were linked to environmental data from government statistics. A multilevel logistic regression was used to investigate associations between cognitive impairment (defined as MMSE≤25), dementia (GMS-AGECAT organicity level≥3) and land use features, including natural environment availability and land use mix, fitting interaction terms with three rural/urban categories. Data were analyzed in 2015. Results: Associations between features of land use and cognitive impairment were not linear. After 5 adjusting for individual-level factors and area deprivation, living in areas with high land use mix was associated with a nearly 30% decreased odds of cognitive impairment (OR: 0.72; 95%CI: 0.58, 0.89). This was similar, yet non-significant, for dementia (OR: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.46, 1.06). In urban conurbations, living in areas with high natural environment availability was associated with 30% reduced odds of cognitive impairment (OR: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.50, 0.97). Conclusions: Non-linear associations between features of land use and cognitive impairment were confirmed in this new cohort of older people in England. Both a lack and overload of environmental stimulation may be detrimental to cognition in later life. ; Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II (CFAS II) was funded by the Medical Research Council [Grant number G0601022]; FEM and AMP were supported by the Medical Research Council (grant numbers U105292687 and MR/K021907/1)

Introduction Built environment features have been related to behavior modification and might stimulate cognitive activity with a potential impact on cognitive health in later life. This study investigated cross-sectional associations between features of land use and cognitive impairment and dementia, and also explored urban and rural differences in these associations. Methods Postcodes of the 7,505 community-based participants (aged ≥65 years) in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II (collected in 2008–2011) were linked to environmental data from government statistics. Multilevel logistic regression investigated associations between cognitive impairment (defined as Mini-Mental State Examination score ≤25) and dementia (Geriatric Mental Status and Automatic Geriatric Examination for Computer-Assisted Taxonomy organicity level ≥3) and land use features, including natural environment availability and land use mix, fitting interaction terms with three rural/urban categories. Data were analyzed in 2015. Results Associations between features of land use and cognitive impairment were not linear. After adjusting for individual-level factors and area deprivation, living in areas with high land use mix was associated with a nearly 30% decreased odds of cognitive impairment (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.58, 0.89). This was similar, yet non-significant, for dementia (OR=0.70, 95% CI=0.46, 1.06). In conurbations, living in areas with high natural environment availability was associated with 30% reduced odds of cognitive impairment (OR=0.70, 95% CI=0.50, 0.97). Conclusions Non-linear associations between features of land use and cognitive impairment were confirmed in this new cohort of older people in England. Both lack of and overload of environmental stimulation may be detrimental to cognition in later life. ; The Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II was funded by the Medical Research Council (grant number G0601022); FEM and AMP were supported by the Medical Research Council (grant numbers U105292687 and MR/K021907/1).