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AbstractDespite a fast growing immigrant population and the recent intensive debate over immigration law enforcement, research on police‐immigrant relations in general and immigrants' perceptions of the police in particular remains limited. This article comprehensively reviews existing literature on immigrants' perceptions of the police. It starts with the value and timeliness of studying immigrants' attitudes and expectations of the police in today's multi‐racial, multi‐cultural society. Then the article summarizes findings regarding how immigrants perceive the police and what factors shape their perceptions. Evidence about the effects of both universal factors and factors unique to immigrants on their perceptions of the police is presented. The article concludes with a brief discussion of future research.

Despite growing interest in immigration, little is known about the impact of foreign-born status on victimization or the factors that account for any variation in victimization between foreign-born and U.S.-born individuals. In recognizing that not all foreign-born individuals may have the same experiences, this study takes the initiative to examine the effects of foreign-born status on risks of victimization across Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics/Latinos. Based on data from a large random sample of Seattle residents, we find that race/ethnicity and foreign-born status have some interaction effects on criminal victimization, particularly on violent victimization. While foreign-born Latinos have higher risks of property victimization than native-born Latinos, they, along with foreign-born Asians, have lower risks of violent victimization than their native-born counterparts. Indicators of routine activities/lifestyle theory attenuate, to a limited extent, the effects of race/ethnicity and foreign-born status on victimization. Research implications are discussed.

This volume discusses the issues surrounding race, ethnicity and immigrant status in U.S. policing, with a special focus on immigrant groups' perceptions of the police and factors that shape their attitudes toward the police. It focuses on the perceptions of three rapidly growing yet understudied ethnic groups - Hispanic/Latino, Chinese and Arab Americans. Discussion of their perceptions of and experience with the police revolves around several central themes, including theoretical frameworks, historical developments, contemporary perceptions and emerging challenges.

This study examines the enduring effects of colonial legacy on the nation-building and development path of post-colonial African countries. It investigates how various forms of colonial rule have shaped African institutional frameworks and led to a persistence of colonial institutional structures and normative governance theories across time. The remnants of colonialism are frequently implicated in Africa's enduring political instability and economic underdevelopment. By tracing the impact of colonial legacy, this study illuminates the challenges faced by African states in their process of decolonization and modernization. It delves into the autocratic characteristics of African bureaucrat system bequeathed by colonial powers, the ethnic division exacerbated by the "divide-and-rule" tactic, and the excessive authority of local chiefs bolstered by the in-direct rule. This paper also confronts the Afro-pessimism perspective, which posits skepticism towards Africa's self-driven recovery, by examining the less-discussed effects of colonialism on African institutional and economic frameworks. Employing a historical and analytical approach, the paper presents the political and economic hurdles faced by African countries and analyses the role of colonial legacy in these challenges. The findings highlight the necessity for African states to transcend these colonial constraints to pave its way for genuine political stability and economic prosperity.

AbstractThis study aims to examine the effects of strain, social control and learning variables on the likelihood of deviant behaviour among left‐behind children (thereafter LBC) and non‐left‐behind children (thereafter NLBC) in China. A cross‐sectional survey study was conducted among 380 LBC and 656 NLBC in elementary and middle schools in three cities of Hubei Province, China. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess whether LBC and NLBC differ in deviant behaviour and three main groups of correlates of deviance that reflect strain, social control and learning. LBC were less likely than NLBC to commit deviant behaviour. LBC with greater family attachment and school bond were less likely to engage in deviance, whereas NLBC with more academic difficulty and bullying victimization were more inclined to conduct deviant acts. Having deviant peers increased both LBC's and NLBC's probability of committing deviant behaviour. A combination of factors related to strain, social control and learning theories explains Chinese children's deviance. It is important to promote the healthy development of LBC by enhancing family and school bonds and reducing deviant associations.

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the relationship between immigration generational status and people's perception of police procedural justice, net of individual‐level and neighborhood‐level control variables. It also explores the importance of contextual variables, particularly neighborhood foreign‐born concentration and collective efficacy, on residents' perceptions of police procedural justice.MethodsWith a multi‐stage, clustered sample approach, we randomly selected census tracts in San José, California, and then households inside each tract were chosen to participate in a survey. We used multi‐level modeling to explore factors that were associated with procedural justice.ResultsResults show first‐generation immigrants, compared to second or third‐and‐plus‐generation immigrants, are more positive in their evaluations of police procedural justice. Results also show that neighborhood collective efficacy can significantly affect people's perceptions of procedural justice, even after controlling for individual‐level predictors and neighborhood characteristics.ConclusionBoth individual‐level immigration measures and neighborhood factors should be included in future research.

ObjectiveGiven the paucity of research on Chinese cooperation with the police and the underdevelopment of knowledge on the influence of surveillance videos on such cooperation, this study investigates the interplay of surveillance cameras and neighborhood collective efficacy, police fairness, and police effectiveness in shaping public willingness to cooperate with the police.MethodsRelying on face‐to‐face survey interview data collected from 751 residents in a southern city in China, this study used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis to examine the key correlates of Chinese willingness to cooperate with the police.ResultsThe results reveal positive influences of video surveillance, collective efficacy, police fairness, and police effectiveness on cooperative desires. Notably, the cooperation‐promoting effect of surveillance cameras is most profound among people who live in neighborhoods with high levels of collective efficacy and people who perceive low levels of police fairness.ConclusionThese findings affirm that formal and informal social control interlock in determining the public's cooperative willingness, and reiterate the need for testing theoretical interactions. They also help us understand the underlying reasons that may explain the public's reliance on video surveillance to make their decisions about helping the police in the context of China.

ObjectiveWe assessed the influences of political efficacy and political participation on public perceptions of police trustworthiness in China.MethodsDrawing upon approximately 10,000 cases collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), we used multivariate regression to assess the impact of two types of political efficacy, internal efficacy and external efficacy, and three forms of political participation, engaging in community affairs, grassroots election, and rightful resistance, on public trust in the police, controlling for demographics and social trust and justice.ResultsWe found that external efficacy and grassroots election are positively related to trust in the police, whereas internal efficacy and rightful resistance are negatively associated with such trust. Background characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, age, education, and household registration, and social trust and justice variables are also predictive of Chinese perceptions of police trustworthiness.ConclusionPolitical efficacy and participation mattered in influencing trust in the police. The Chinese government should continue its political reforms by allowing greater public participation in the selection of political representatives and the decision‐making process of public policy.