Suchergebnisse

"For much of the 1980s, Germany acted as an 'environmental leader' state, successfully exporting to the EU level some of its standards, instruments, and regulatory approaches. In consequence, the Europeanization process was largely taken for granted by most domestic environmental policy actors. Overall, the Europeanization of the German environmental policy system has been an incremental and relatively subtle process that began in the 1970s, although its full implications did not become apparent until the 1980s. In the 1990s, Germany lost much of its `environmental leader' status and came under pressure from the EU to reform its environmental policy system. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Germany remains an 'environmental leader' state that pushes for stringent EU environment policy measures on air pollution control issues in particular. However, it has taken on a defensive position with regard to the EU's recent procedural measures, which have caused considerable domestic adaptational pressures. The recalibration of Germany's EU and environmental policy co-ordination procedures can be interpreted as an attempt to regain the initiative on the EU level and to avoid these adaptational pressures. Overall, the Europeanization process has had a highly variegated effect on German environmental policy. Deeply engrained institutional structures and regulatory styles have been affected to a lesser extent than the substantive policy content." (author's abstract)

Governance is a term in good currency, but there are still too few detailed empirical analyses of the precise extent to which it has or has not eclipsed government. This article explores the temporal and spatial characteristics of the governance transition by charting the deployment of new policy instruments in eight industrialised states and the European Union. The adoption and implementation of ('old' and 'new') policy instruments offer a useful analytical touchstone because governance theory argues that regulation is the quintessence of government. Although there are many 'new' environmental policy instruments in these nine jurisdictions, this article finds that the change from government to governance is highly differentiated across political jurisdictions, policy sectors and even the main instrument types. Crucially, many of the new policy instruments used require some state involvement (that is, 'government'), and very few are entirely devoid of state involvement (that is, pure 'governance'). Far from eclipsing government, governance therefore often complements and, on some occasions, even competes with it, although there are some cases of fusion. Future research should thus explore the many complex and varied ways in which government and governance interact in public policy-making.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of contributors -- Foreword and acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Part 1 Introduction -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Climate governance across the globe: pioneers, leaders and followers -- Part 2 Global South -- Chapter 2 China: Emerging low-carbon pioneers at city level -- Chapter 3 India: From climate laggard to global solar energy leader -- Chapter 4 Costa Rica and Vietnam: Pioneers in green transformations -- Chapter 5 Rhetoric and reality in New Zealand's climate leadership: 'My generation's nuclear-free moment' -- Chapter 6 Multilevel climate governance in Brazil and Indonesia: Domestic pioneership and leadership in the Global South -- Part 3 United States and Europe -- Chapter 7 Climate change politics and policy in the United States: Forward, reverse and through the looking glass -- Chapter 8 European Union leadership before, during and after the Paris Conference of the Parties -- Chapter 9 Climate policy in Germany: Pioneering a complex transformation process -- Chapter 10 Lessons from climate action in the UK: The limitations of state leadership -- Chapter 11 Governance, green finance and global climate advocacy of the Nordic countries: Small state syndrome or novel middle power? -- Chapter 12 Ireland's Citizens' Assembly on climate change: Institutional pioneership by a climate laggard? -- Chapter 13 Switzerland: International commitments and domestic drawbacks -- Part 4 Conclusion -- Chapter 14 Conclusion: Pioneers, leaders and followers in multilevel and polycentric climate governance reassessed -- Index.

As outlined in this chapter, the core analytical themes of this book are: the conceptualisation of pioneers, leaders and followers within multilevel governance (MLG) and polycentric (climate) governance structures. These conceptual framings are overlapping and mutually supportive in the quest for greater analytical purchase. Specifically, as most cases exhibit different forms of leadership and pioneership – and even, perhaps simultaneously, followership and possibly also laggardness – MLG and polycentricity permit such complex identities to be located and examined in detail, by enabling the multifaceted 21st century state to be examined from multiple angles. The theoretical insights and empirical findings obtained across this book suggest that while pioneership and leadership may be more commonly associated with the Global North – especially following the explicit allocation of primary responsibility for climate action to developed 'Annex I' states via the 1997 Kyoto Protocol – they may be increasingly found across the globe. Indeed, as the chapters in this volume show, there are instances of climate leadership and pioneership within the Global South and followership within the Global North, as well as the other way round. Although the 2015 Paris Agreement emphasises again the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), it requires all parties to put forward voluntary pledges in the form of NDCs. Climate leadership and pioneership from countries in both the Global North and South will therefore be important for achieving the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping global temperatures to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. In order to find instances of ambition, the book's use of MLG and polycentricity as guiding themes enables contributing authors to find climate leadership and pioneership beyond the 'usual suspects', and to acknowledge both the guidance of the state, and the importance of non-state actors.

Abstract Governance is a concept in good currency, but it is often used very imprecisely. In particular, there are precious few detailed empirical analyses of the precise extent to which environmental governance has eclipsed environmental government. This paper explores the governance transition by charting the deployment of so-called 'new' environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) such as voluntary agreements, eco-taxes, eco-labels and environmental management systems in eight industrialised states and the European Union (EU). The adoption of NEPIs offers a good touchstone because governance theory treats traditional ('command and control') regulation as the quintessence of government. This paper reveals that although there are many NEPIs, the overall pattern of change is highly differentiated across sectors and political jurisdictions. Crucially, most NEPI require some state involvement (i.e. 'government') and very few are entirely free of state involvement (i.e. pure 'governance'). This strongly suggests that environmental governance is at best supplementing, without actually comprehensively supplanting, government by regulatory means. Future research will need to explore the many different and complex ways in which environmental government and governance co-exist in public policy making.