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Historically, communal conflict seems to have occurred in four environments—during the evolution of the major European states, in post-independence colonies, during the disintegration of polyglot empires, and in post-industrialized societies. Within these environments, six conditions serve to heighten the possibility of the use of violence. These conditions include: (i) the presence of communal cleavages based on religion, race, or language, combinations of these cleavages being more volatile than their occurrence singly; (2) the absence of a common value or identity; (3) the concurrent development of antagonistic nationalisms; (4) the possession of an economic or cultural elite status by a subordinate communal group; (5) differential rates of modernization; and (6) the displacement of anticolonial feelings upon a communal group perceived as associated with a colonial power. The examples of the Copts in Egypt and the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire are presented as illustrations of the interaction of these conditions in two different environments and the use or absence of violence in communal conflict.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Professionalization in the Creative Sector: Processes and Trends -- Part I Macros Perspectives on Professionalism in the Arts -- 2 Sustaining Atypical Professions: Professional Structuration in the Creative Sector -- 3 Cultural Policy Tools and Rising Professionalism in American Arts, 1963-1996 -- 4 Passion and Profession: Individual Artists, Professional Development, and the Role of Foundations -- 5 The Dual Professional: The Artist/Manager in Small Arts Organizations -- 6 Strategic Planning for the Creative Professional: A Curriculum Proposal for Career Development Design -- Part II Case Studies of Professionalization in Arts Occupations -- 7 Actors' Equity Association and the Professionalization of the Acting Vocation -- 8 The Fractured Professionalization in Arts Education -- 9 Cultural Value and Professionalization of Emerging Contemporary Artists -- 10 Strategic or Struggling?: Professionalizing Philanthropy in Nonprofit Arts Organizations -- 11 Performing Arts Center Managers: A Crucial Profession in Community Performing Arts Sectors -- 12 "I Am a Professional Dancer": The Case of Professionalization in Disability Arts -- 13 Making a Buck Through Blockchain: Artist Entrepreneurship in the Artworld -- 14 Epilogue: Challenges for Creative Professionalism -- Index.

It is generally acknowledged that the contemporary revival of Weber's concept of charismatic authority was prompted by its utility in explaining the revolutionary movements of the first half of the twentieth century. The more recent applications of the concept to the study of leadership in the emerging non-Western states, constituted yet another revival, testifying to the analytical power of Weber's conceptual scheme.

AbstractNonprofit arts organizations often struggle for visibility and survival. They may meet these challenges by adopting new marketing strategies, forming administrative alliances with other organizations, or creating programming that appeals to broader audiences. Though these tactics are indeed important, arts organizations must first develop a persistent presence in their communities. This article proposes five key ingredients of persistent presence for nonprofit arts organizations and suggests that persistent presence can be consciously constructed by an organization, by an artistic discipline, and by the larger arts community. The intent of this exploratory framework for persistent presence may guide arts administrators in their work and propel future research in this area.