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Karl Gützlaff set up the Chinese Union in 1844, which was a missionary society based on the principle that China's millions could never be converted to Christianity by foreign missionaries: Chinese Christians themselves must carry out the evangelisation of the empire while Western missionaries would serve as instructors and supervisors. Ever since the founding of the Chinese Union, the effectiveness of this evangelistic methodology has given rise to heated debates among contemporary missionaries and subsequent generations of Christian mission historians. Both Jessie G. Lutz and Wu Yixiong discussed the employment of this evangelistic methodology from the perspective of foreign missionaries, such as Gützlaff's evangelistic thought, the founding and development of the Chinese Union, and its crisis. By making use of more substantial mission archives, Jessie G. Lutz's research is more detailed; she even included Gützlaff's European tour from 1849 to 1850. It was Gützlaff's absence from Hong Kong that gave the other missionaries, such as Theodor Hamberg (1819-54) of the Basel Mission, Gützlaff's co-worker, the opportunity to investigate the function of the Chinese Union, and which eventually caused the dissolution of the Chinese Union during 1852 to 1853. How Gützlaff came to the idea of utilising native agency to evangelise the Chinese and how he managed to maintain his enterprise are quite clear. Although it did not come to a respectable result in his time, this idea of "self-propagation" was inherited by the missionaries who were sent to China by the other missions. Yet how did the Chinese evangelists carry out the evangelistic work independent from the missionaries? This is a question Jessie G. Lutz focused on for years.

The 'going global' strategy of China's outbound media has been running for about ten years. The main beneficiary, China Central Television (CCTV) has enhanced its global presence through institutional expansion. The growing influence of CCTV-Africa, as one of CCTV's major media hubs overseas, is arousing wide discussions in regard to its agenda and journalistic practice as one part of the state media of China. How the role of CCTV-Africa is interacting with the grander structure of Africa-China multilateral relations has been the main focus of scholars' discursive enquiries. Despite the increasing focus of scholars on the institutional behaviours or media content of CCTV-Africa, the subject of audience reception is under-studied. This research aims to contribute to the field by analysing media reception of a specific group of African students in China from the perspective of structural theories of international communication. Based on the findings of in-depth individual interviews with 38 interviewees (with a particular focus on the oppositional decoding of four interviewees) and frame analysis of CCTV-Africa news, this research reached a theoretical conclusion, concerning the articulation of the alternative reception of transnational audiences. Although the decoding positions of such an audience can be polynary the objective environment (intranational political and economic agenda as structural dominance) limits the projection of alternative opinions into constructive articulation in real life.

The patent cooperation network which enterprises join is a very important network platform for enterprises' open innovation. However, very limited work has been done to empirically investigate the dynamic change process of the network in China. To address this issue, this paper analyzes dynamic change process of cooperation network of enterprises and the small-world effect of the biggest subgroup according to the data of 36731 items of cooperative patents between enterprises from 1985 to 2010 published by the State Intellectual Property Office of China. A conclusion can be drawn from the analysis results that the biggest subgroup has the characteristics of small-world effect, but the overall network structure also has some defects, which limit the development of open innovation. For the first time, suggestions on open innovation strategies are put forward to provide theoretical reference for both the government and enterprises.

AbstractIndigenous populations have experienced inequality of accessing mental health services compared with their non-Indigenous counterparts, although the way of measuring mental health service accessibility for Indigenous populations is unclear. This systematic review examines measures of mental health service accessibility for Indigenous people, including the diversity of mental health services that are available to them and the barriers to accessing mental healthcare. Using a systematic search procedure, we identified 27 studies that explored Indigenous populations' mental health service access. Our review shows that 18 studies used interview-based methods to explore how Indigenous people use mental health services, and only nine studies used quantitative methods to measure the uptake of mental health services. While advanced methods for quantifying geographical access to healthcare services are widely available, these methods have not been applied in the current literature to explore the potential access to mental health services by Indigenous populations. This is partially due to limited understanding of how Indigenous populations seek mental healthcare, barriers that prevent Indigenous people from accessing diverse types of mental health services, and scarcity of data that are available to researchers. Future research could focus on developing methods to support spatially explicit measuring of accessibility to mental health services for Indigenous populations.

Multimodal (discourse) analysis is about analyzing and theorizing individual semiotic resources (e.g., language, image, audio, space, gesture, facial expression) and inter-semiotic relations to make meaning of multimodal phenomena in context. Conducting multimodal analyses can be challenging because of its complexity. Computer-based software can support multimodal analysis by automating or semi-automating stages of annotating and analyzing, thus reducing the extensive time and labor required. The designed affordances of the software are aimed at helping researchers establish links between low-level features of multimodal texts and higher-order multimodal semantic meanings by following specific workflows. Amongst many popular multimodal transcription tools (e.g., ELAN, CLAN, ChronoViz), a new open-source multimodal annotation software for video analysis, GRAPE-MARS has been recently launched. This technical review will first describe the organization and affordances of GRAPE-MARS by illustrating a multimodal analysis of a video via this tool. We will then highlight the principal functionalities that make this software efficient in supporting multimodal analysis. Finally, the limitations and future possible applications of GRAPE-MARS will be discussed.

Xiang Yu,1 Na Li2,3 1School of Public Affairs, Fujian Jiangxia University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; 2School of Law, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; 3Research Academy of Belt and Road, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Na LiNingbo University, 818st Fenghua Road Jiangbei, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of ChinaEmail nali321@126.comAbstract: In recent years, respiratory infectious diseases had continued to attack China, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia had attracted worldwide attention. Through studying the literature, interpreting official documents, analyzing medical and social management data, we summarized and compared some powerful measures taken by the Chinese government, such as declaring emergency state, blocking down the epidemic center, prohibiting crowd gathering activities, forcing residents to wear masks, and mobilizing medical staff and products. We found that these unconventional measures, on the one hand, controlled the spread of the epidemic in China, and on the other hand, exposed some of China's shortcomings in biosafety, food safety, public health input, and emergency system construction. This paper also recommends that other countries should take strict isolation measures as early as possible when fighting COVID-19 epidemics, and also mobilize citizens to strengthen self-protection.Keywords: COVID-19, anti-epidemic, risk, legality

Na Li,1,2 Xiang Yu3 1School of Law, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; 2Research Academy of Belt and Road, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; 3School of Public Affairs, Fujian Jiangxia University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiang YuSchool of Public Affairs, Fujian Jiangxia University, 2st Xiyuangong Road, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of ChinaEmail nityuxiang@126.comAbstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out first in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. In the process of controlling the pandemic, many Chinese medical staff (MS) were infected. We used government data, post mortem reports, and the medical literature on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, as well as prevention-and-control guidelines from the government, hospitals and media, to discuss the main risks factors faced by MS. We suggest that, when dealing with a similar pandemic in the future, guidance on personal protective equipment must be provided and materials reserved in advance. Also, the emergency response of medical institutions should be enhanced, and information shared with other countries facing identical severe challenges.Keywords: COVID-19, exposure, risk, transmission, treatment

In recent years, respiratory infectious diseases had continued to attack China, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia had attracted worldwide attention. Through studying the literature, interpreting official documents, analyzing medical and social management data, we summarized and compared some powerful measures taken by the Chinese government, such as declaring emergency state, blocking down the epidemic center, prohibiting crowd gathering activities, forcing residents to wear masks, and mobilizing medical staff and products. We found that these unconventional measures, on the one hand, controlled the spread of the epidemic in China, and on the other hand, exposed some of China's shortcomings in biosafety, food safety, public health input, and emergency system construction. This paper also recommends that other countries should take strict isolation measures as early as possible when fighting COVID-19 epidemics, and also mobilize citizens to strengthen self-protection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out first in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. In the process of controlling the pandemic, many Chinese medical staff (MS) were infected. We used government data, post mortem reports, and the medical literature on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, as well as prevention-and-control guidelines from the government, hospitals and media, to discuss the main risks factors faced by MS. We suggest that, when dealing with a similar pandemic in the future, guidance on personal protective equipment must be provided and materials reserved in advance. Also, the emergency response of medical institutions should be enhanced, and information shared with other countries facing identical severe challenges.

The higher education system has marginalized the young educators. Young educators in the field of social work are in a much worse situation. Research indicates that young social work educators are facing three types of significant challenges: lacking teaching experience and social support; lacking academic research skills and facing great pressure from getting paper published; lacking professional knowledge and practical experience. This paper adopts action research to explore how to build a mutual self-help community among young social work educators who are experiencing similar challenges. Also, the process of the authors' experience of building a mutual-help community will be elaborated in detail: forming the initial idea of building a mutual-help group based on past experience, upgrading the occasional gatherings to a book club, facilitating mutual-help actions, facilitating collective actions, expanding a small team to a big community. Although the young social work educator mutual-help community has brought about some positive changes and helped mitigate distress temporarily, it doesn't solve the problem permanently. Building a mutual-help community for self-help is, in fact, our last-ditch move. So, we are looking forward to embracing a bright future when there will be a structural improvement in China's social work education.