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Current literature on John Stuart Mill's writings about Asia have focused mainly on his relationship with India because of Mill's thirty-five-year career in the East India Company. Scholars in both China and the West have not paid attention to Mill's views on China. This paper delves into Mill's notion of China's stationary state from two perspectives: (1) a stationary state of capital accumulation and (2) a stationary state of human improvement. In Principles, Mill explained his conception of a stationary state. He linked China's economic stagnation to the low desire for capital accumulation. In On Liberty and Considerations, Mill explored the reasons for China's stagnancy in human improvement. He discussed the negative impact of the "despotism of custom" on individual liberty and the defects of a bureaucratic government in nineteenth-century China. Mill thought that a stationary state of capital accumulation does not necessarily imply a stationary state of human improvement. However, he seemed to argue that in China these two types of stationary states have a mutual effect upon each other.

Current literature on John Stuart Mill's writings about Asia has mainly focused on his influence in India because of Mill's 35-year career in the East India Company. Scholars in both China and the West have not paid attention to Mill's views on China. This paper delves into Mill's notion of China's stationary state and categorizes Mill's discussion of China into three major topics: (1) capital accumulation, (2) liberty and individuality, and (3) democratic government. Mill made an empirical analysis of the relationship between China's high interest rate and the desire for capital accumulation. He went on to explore the negative connection between China's "despotism of custom" and individual liberty. Finally, he considered the autocratic government and the lack of civil rights. Mill traced China's stationary state from the time preferences of people to broad institutional failures.

This research explores factors that affect Gen Y tourists' pro-environmental behavior (TPEB) in China. The research has employed an exploratory case study method and conducted in-depth interviews with 30 Gen Y tourists from China. The interviews were carried out through an online platform (i.e., QQ) to keep appropriate social distancing to avoid spreading the virus due to the recent Covid-19 pandemic. The unit of analysis of this research is the individual Gen Y tourist. The study has discovered that several factors have affected Gen Y TPEB. Among all are personal factors (demographic, psychological, emotional) and environmental factors (direct contextual, indirect contextual, background). In addition, tourist-to-tourist interaction has the most significant effect on TPEB. The research contributes significantly to the theoretical and empirical developments that enrich the pro-environmental behavior and tourism literature.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a fungus that infects Hepialidae caterpillars, mummifying the larvae and producing characteristic fruiting bodies (stromata) that are processed into one of the most valued traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). The product commands a very high price due to a high demand but a very limited supply. Adulteration with other fungi is a common problem and there is a need to test preparation for the presence of the correct fungus. In the current study, a PCR-based approach for the identification of O. sinensis based on a segment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was developed. The segments is 146-bp in size and is likely to be amplified even in materials where processing led to DNA fragmentation. Primer development was based on the alignment of sequence data generated from a total of 89 samples of O. sinensis and potential adulterants as well as sequences date from 41 Ophiocordyceps species and 26 Cordyceps species available in GenBank. Tests with primer pair, DCF4/DCR4, demonstrated generation of an amplicon from DNA extracted from O. sinensis stromata, but not from extracts derived from adulterants. Species-specific primer pairs were also developed and tested for detection of the common adulterants, Cordyceps gunnii, Cordyceps cicadae, Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps liangshanensis and Ophiocordyceps nutans. The collection of primers developed in the present study will be useful for the authentication of preparation claiming to only contain O. sinensis and for the detection of fungi used as adulterants in these preparations.

Abstract
The concept of policy capacity is often used to explain the success or failure of governments or countries in conceiving of, developing, and implementing policies, but is often poorly systematised. Wu et al provide a framework for understanding types of policy capacity, arguing that three kinds of capacity, distributed across policy systems, are needed for effective implementation. This paper applies that framework to a discussion of China, a country that has been managing a fundamental transformation since at least the late 1970s, which has underpinned the country's growth and development. The paper focuses on a subset of China's reforms – reforms to the healthcare system since the 1990s. Discussion of policy capacity shows (1) that policy capacity is dynamic and adaptive, in response to changing challenges due to rapid transformation in the country; (2) that the development and distribution of capacities has, overall, been government-directed, with strong research and analytical support from public think tanks and universities; (3) that understanding of policy capacity is evolving, with government paying increasing attention to the need to develop a learning state and society in response to increasingly complex problems of development. Examination of the Chinese case has relevance for how other countries develop and adapt policy capacities over time to manage rapid transformation, uncertainty and shocks.