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Abstract
Lessons learned in the aftermath of the Financial Crisis of 2008 include that long, punitive household insolvency regimes have a negative societal impact, increase the potential for financial instability and hamper national economic recovery. We propose the Socio-Economic Framework for Household Insolvency System Design as a regulatory mechanism that aims to control national household debt and productivity levels. The system facilitates an informal resolution of the conflict between over-indebted households and their creditors. When this is not possible, the system grants immediate relief to no-income, no-assets and 'honest' households, that experienced over-indebtedness because of an external negative shock, such as a medical emergency. Finally, when the household does not qualify for immediate relief, the system allocates the costs of insolvency between the household and creditors, based on responsibility for the over-indebtedness. This reduces the moral hazard.

AbstractThis study aims to explore how different sources of inspiration (namely, users, artificial intelligence (AI), and professional designers) as external stimuli influence customers' willingness to participate in user design. Results from four experiments show that inspiration from users, AI, and professional designers all positively influence customers' willingness to participate in user design. Self‐competence is found to mediate such effects. Moreover, we further identify that the effects of inspiration stimuli on customers' willingness to participate in user design is moderated by customer knowledge and product type (hedonic vs. utilitarian). Customers with low level of knowledge are more likely to be inspired by user designs and AI‐generated designs than professional designer counterparts. For utilitarian products, customers are more likely to be inspired by user designs and AI‐generated designs. In contrast, for hedonic products, customers are more likely to draw inspiration from professional designers. Our finding suggests that open innovation communities should offer a variety of designs from users and AI to inspire their users, thus encouraging their participation in user design.

Baize Zhang,1 Junhui Wang,1 Zhifei Zhou,2 Xin Ge,1 Geng Cheng,3 Yujiang Chen,1 Xiaojing Wang1 1State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, The General Hospital of Tibetan Military Region, Lasha, 850000, People's Republic of China; 3State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaojing WangDepartment of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-29-84776239Email wxjingpd@hotmail.comAbstract: Currently, the common treatment for pulpitis and periapical diseases is root canal treatment. However, the complex variations of root canal system often affect the effect of root canal treatment and even lead to treatment failure. Therefore, it is of great significance for dentists to emphasize the diversity of root canal morphology and to be familiar with the anatomical morphology of root canal to improve the success rate of clinical diagnosis and treatment. We reported a case of an eight-year-old female patient of type V root canal in a young maxillary middle incisor. The young maxillary central incisor was diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis by radiography and CBCT examination. The present case report described the entire treatment procedure of a young maxillary central incisor after trauma, including successive apical examination, CBCT examination and multiple root canal filling, and finally the treatment was completed with the aid of microscope. The root canals were filled with the vertical compression technique. Z350 composite resin was used to repair the tooth. The patient was followed-up at three, six, and 12 months after endodontic treatment. All of the examinations were normal. Finding the anatomical configuration of root canal by various ways will help to improve the success rate of root canal therapy.Keywords: cone-beam computed tomography, CBCT, one root with two root canals, root canal microscope, young maxillary central incisor

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, tobacco control policy initiatives have emerged at the subnational level in China. In 2013, for example, Qingdao enacted a 100% smoke-free policy that gave regulatory authority to multiple enforcement agencies. Given that little is known about the extent of smoke-free policy compliance in smaller Chinese cities, this study assessed compliance with Qingdao's Tobacco Control Regulation and whether compliance differed by enforcement agency. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken between October and November 2018. Venues were selected based on enforcement agency and included restaurants, retail stores, schools, government buildings, hospitals, business offices, and other hospitality venues. Comprehensive lists of venues were identified where they existed, and a random sample of venues were subsequently selected. For venue categories for which there were no comprehensive lists, a walking protocol was used. Observational data included evidence of smoking, the presence of no-smoking signage, and designated smoking areas (DSAs). Descriptive statistics were obtained. Subsequently, logistic regression models were used to determine the association between enforcement agency and policy compliance. RESULTS: A total of 694 venues were observed. For all venue types, 64.7% were compliant with the composite indicator 'evidence of smoking'. Findings also showed that smoke-free compliance varied by enforcement agency (p<0.001). Venues with evidence of smoking and not posting of no-smoking signs at the main entrance were lowest among venues that fall under Public Security Bureau. Compliance with posting no-smoking signs inside was lowest in venues that fall under the Industry and Commercial Administration (I&C). While Qingdao's smoke-free policy prohibits DSAs, our findings showed that 2% of venues that fall under the jurisdiction of I&C had DSAs. CONCLUSIONS: An effective coordination mechanism that can ensure a consistent and standardized approach is urgently needed ...