Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The famous sociologist, economist, and historian Chen Han-seng was the founder of the Agrarian China Research Association, publishing influential studies on industrial production and class relations, and their effect on peasant living standards. Through the Institute of Pacific Relations (ipr), Chen engaged in a theoretical dialogue with liberal intellectuals and responded to American, British, and Soviet theories about Chinese society and rural China. Unlike American ipr scholars, such as John Lossing Buck, whose agenda was to investigate the consumer power of Chinese peasants, Chen's study of living standards emphasized their production capability and the role usury played in it. And unlike the ipr British economists, such as R. H. Tawney, who were generally optimistic about Chinese rural industry, Chen's research proved Chinese industrialization to be unsustainable and to lower peasant living standards. In reaction to these American and British scholars, Chen tactically changed his concept of "living standards" and developed his own theory of Chinese rural economics.

In the previous stage, there were too many patients with Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. Ordinary people, patients, even doctors, had a great sense of desperate. On the one hand, almost all doctors participated in the treatment of patients of COVID-19. On the other hand, the government restricted residents to go out, and the sick people were also afraid of being infected with COVID-19 when seeking medical treatment. Whether cancer patients seek medical treatment or not has become a contradiction for a long time. Our Viewpoint paper is to provide a positive signal to doctors and patients that patients with in the middle or advanced stage of cancer can receive radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy normally under protective measures.

AbstractA construction project is an example of a complex systems engineering problem. In this paper, we have characterized a construction project in the context of the theory of six forces on the factors of production. This new approach was defined by giving consideration to the characteristics of the construction project's resource allocation. An economic efficiency index was also used to assess resource allocation of a construction project. Based on this approach, a theory of optimized resource allocation of the construction project is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

OBJECTIVE: To develop tobacco control strategies by analyzing online tobacco marketing information in China. METHODS: Using web-crawler software, this study acquired 106,485 pieces of online tobacco marketing information published on 11 different Internet platforms including Weibo, WeChat, Baidu, etc., from January–June 2018. The data were used to investigate the characteristics and social networks of online tobacco marketing via content and social network analysis. RESULTS: The total volume of online tobacco marketing during the study period was high, showing a positive trend. Of all the marketing subjects, those involving "flavor capsule", "Marlboro", and "Esse" were the most popular. The Weibo platform had the highest volume of online tobacco marketing information as well as the largest proportion of explicit marketing information. This was followed by other social media platforms such as Baidu Search, Baidu Tieba, and Xiaohongshu, where implicit marketing information predominated. The overall network structure of tobacco websites exhibited a significant centralization feature, where traditional and novel tobacco websites formed two clusters with almost no intersections. The China Tobacco Science and Education Website (http://www.tobaccoinfo.com.cn/) and E-Cigarette Home (http://ecigm.com/) were the two nodes of the highest degree centrality within the respective "circle", while the China Tobacco Monopoly Bureau Website (http://www.tobacco.gov.cn/) was the node with the highest closeness centrality. By contrast, Baidu Tieba's overall network structure was more decentralized, and the degree of correlation between different nodes was relatively low. CONCLUSION: Online tobacco marketing demonstrated high volumes and wide coverage, and an intertwined network, thereby creating major obstacles for tobacco control. To address this issue, the government should strengthen network supervision of tobacco marketing and revise its current regulations. Meanwhile, Internet platforms should improve self-regulation by ...

ABSTRACTA growing number of large forest industry companies have declared voluntary adoption of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines to avoid the lack of verification in reporting and to alleviate current criticisms of corporate responsibility (CR) practices. In this study, we use quantitative multivariate analysis of CR disclosure data (GRI indicators) from 66 forest industry firms. The results from cluster analysis show that 58% of the major companies in forest‐based industries are following what could be called a relatively defensive approach to CR, while companies proactive towards CR represent only a minority of the sample (18%), and one‐quarter of the companies could be classified as being 'stuck‐in‐the‐middle' in terms of CR. CR practices are found to run parallel to and beyond core business activities, number of employees, sales, and production in these three strategic groups. However, no strategic group level differences in terms of the location of headquarters or financial performance were found. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) can cause respiratory and heart diseases, which have a great negative impact on human health. While, as a fast-developing region, the Belt and Road (B&R) has suffered serious air pollution, more detailed information has not been revealed. This study aims to investigate the evolutionary relationships between PM(2.5) air pollution and its population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) over the B&R based on satellite-derived PM(2.5) concentration and to identify the key regions for exposure control in the future. For this, the study focused on the B&R region, covering 51 countries, ranging from developed to least developed levels, extensively evaluated the different development levels of PM(2.5) concentrations during 2000–2020 by spatial-temporal trend analysis and bivariate spatial correlation, then identified the key regions with high risk under different levels of Air Quality Guidelines (AQG). Results show that the overall PM(2.5) and PWEL of PM(2.5) concentration remained stable. Developing countries presented with the heaviest PM(2.5) pollution and highest value of PWEL of PM(2.5) concentration, while least developed countries presented with the fastest increase of both PM(2.5) and PWEL of PM(2.5) concentration. Areas with a high level and rapid increase PWEL of PM(2.5) concentration were mainly located in the developing countries of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, the developed country of Saudi Arabia, and least developed countries of Yemen and Myanmar. The key regions at high risk were mainly on the Indian Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula, coastal area of the Persian Gulf, northwestern China, and North China Plain. The findings of this research would be beneficial to identify the spatial distributions of PM(2.5) concentration exposure and offer suggestions for formulating policies for the prevention and control PM(2.5) air pollution at regional scale by the governments.