Suchergebnisse

Intoroduction -- A cosmopolitan past -- "China dream" verus the Shanghai dialect -- Geographical displacement and language loss -- Geographical displacement and language loss -- Social integration and new Shanghairen as euphemism -- Honororar Shanghairen or forever Waidiren? -- Conclusion -- Appendix I: Law of the People'a Republic of China on the standard spoken and written Chinese language -- Appendix II: List of Annual National Putonghua Promotion Week themes 1998-2020 -- Appendix III: 2013 interview guide with native Shanghairen -- Appendix IV: 2017 interview guide with non-native Shanghairen -- Appendix V: 2013 Shanghai dialect proficiency survey with native Shanghairen.

Two of the most discussed issues triggered by the so called Feldstein-Horioka puzzle in international macroeconomics are: What does the saving-investment (SI) relation really measure and how should the SI relation be measured? The first contribution of this study is to develop a new variant of functional coefficient models to analyse a wide range of determinants of the SI relation. Macroeconomic state variables such as openness, the age dependency ratio, government current and consumption expenditures are found to affect the SI relation significantly in the long run. As the second contribution, a new, factor based bootstrap approach is proposed for inferential issues in functional coefficient models. This approach can cope with heterogeneous error distributions and is proven to hold asymptotically. In simulation studies factor based bootstrap inference outperforms the wild bootstrap and pairs bootstrap approach according to its size features. Regarding current account imbalances as saving minus investment, the third contribution of the thesis is to test the stationarity of the current account imbalance by taking account of its `bounded' nature. Time-series as the current account imbalance to GDP are bounded not only by construction but also via potential policy controls or economic crises. Taking account of these bounds weakens the evidence against the prevalence of stochastic trends. At the aggregate level the null hypothesis of bounded integration cannot be rejected for the current account imbalances.

Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuels, excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 have been caused. With the intensification of global climate anomalies and warming, how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is an important issue currently facing the international community. The influencing factors of carbon price are complex, and accurate prediction of carbon price is a difficult problem. There are still some problems in the existing carbon trading price prediction models, such as insufficient understanding of the enormous potential of machine learning models to ilift the performance. The study will use two machine learning models that can address the shortcomings of traditional artificial intelligence models as the basic prediction models. The specific content includes machine learning prediction models that extend to extreme learning machine theory and fuzzy inference system theory. By integrating data preprocessing algorithms, artificial intelligence optimization algorithms, feature selection algorithms, etc., this study constructs and applies a carbon trading price prediction model from multiple perspectives to compensate for the shortcomings in current research. The corresponding values for each indicator in the algorithm are 5.6214E-12 (maximum), 2.8546E-12 (minimum), 4.0239E-12 (mean), and 5.4402E-13 (variance). Compared with other comparative optimization algorithms, this indicates that the hybrid optimization algorithm is an efficient optimization method for the model, which can effectively optimize different problems. In theory, the proposed multiple improved carbon trading price prediction models can theoretically compensate for the shortcomings in existing carbon trading price predictions.

We investigate for 26 OECD economies whether their current account imbalances to GDP are driven by stochastic trends. Regarding bounded stationarity as the more natural counterpart of sustainability, results from Phillips–Perron tests for unit root and bounded unit root processes are contrasted. While the former hint at stationarity of current account imbalances for 12 economies, the latter indicate bounded stationarity for only six economies. Through panel‐based test statistics, current account imbalances are diagnosed as bounded non‐stationary. Thus, (spurious) rejections of the unit root hypothesis might be due to the existence of bounds reflecting hidden policy controls or financial crises.

What does the saving-investment (SI) relation really measure and how should the (SI) relation be measured? These are two of the most discussed issues triggered by the so called Feldstein-Horioka puzzle. Based on panel data we introduce a new variant of functional coefficient models that allow to separate long and short to medium run parameter dependence. We apply the latter to uncover the determinants of the SI relation. Macroeconomic state variables such as openness, the age dependency ratio, government current and consumption expenditures are found to affect the SI relation significantly in the long run.

This book attempts to solve the question whether semiotics is a methodology as is generally held and if the studies of meaning and the mind can shed light on a series of metaphysical issues, so that the edifice of semiotics could be erected on a philosophical ground. It proposes that a philosophical semiotics is, by necessity, a semiotic phenomenology about the construction of the "world of meaning" by signs, and any discussion about semiotics has to proceed around two core issues: meaning and the mind. This book particularly exemplifies the semiotic connections in various schools of traditional Chinese philosophies. In the "Pre-Imperial Age" (before BC 300), there emerged an abundance of semiotic thinking in China, from Yijing the first sign system that aims to explain everything in the world, to the Namistss subtle argument about the form of meaning, from the Yin-Yang/five elements of the Han, to the "Things are non-existent while mind is non-non-existent" principle of the Vijnaptimatratasiddhi School of Buddhism in the Tang, and from the Sudden Revelation of Chan Buddhism to the "Nothing outside the mind" endorsed by the Mindist Confucianism in the Ming. The mighty trend of philosophical heritage provides rich food to our understanding of the form of meaning.