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This brief guides the reader through three basic Internet resource pricing models using an Internet cost analysis. Addressing the evolution of service types, it presents several corresponding mechanisms which can ensure pricing implementation and resource allocation. The authors discuss utility optimization of network pricing methods in economics and underline two classes of pricing methods including system optimization and entities' strategic optimization. The brief closes with two examples of the newly proposed pricing strategy helping to solve the profit distribution problem brought by P2P free-riding and improve the pricing efficiency with the introduction of the price discrimination. The Internet resource pricing strategy is not only the key factor of Internet resource allocation efficiency, but also the determinant of the profit. The methods and models discussed in Internet Resource Pricing Models increase the efficiency of existing pricing strategies to ensure a sound and sustainable development of the Internet. The brief will help researchers and professionals working with this key factor of Internet resource allocation

In view of the fact that a large number of people in the UK are working with zero-hours contracts, this paper gives a further discussion on the legal status of these people. In order that more "zero-hours contracts"workers can enjoy their legal rights in the UK, the project is designed to examine to what extent the workers with zero-hours contracts have the rights based on employment legislation. Firstly, it offers a clear distinction between "typical" and "atypical" workers and concludes that "zero-hours contracts" work should fall into the latter category. And then it proposes that the key to identifying worker and employee lies in the mutuality obligation between employer and employee. By taking the dispute between Pulse Healthcare Ltd and Carewatch Care Services Ltd & 6 others as a case study, it hopes to offer a detailed explanation on this question. At last, it comes up with the conclusion that the "zero-hours contracts" workers will be able to enjoy more rights after the legal status defining becomes more accurate.

Architectural heritage, as an important form of the past, has been attracted increasing awareness. Nowadays there is a shared common view in the world that to protect architectural heritage reasonably and based on scientific methods is a necessity of our age. This dissertation intends to analyze and compare the policies for the protection of the architectural heritage in East Asian and European countries. Japan, China, Singapore, Italy, Britain and Germany are selected as representative countries. This dissertation is a non-empirical study, the main method for research is the documentary analysis. The contents of relevant literature and documents were comparatively analyzed by focusing on three issues: legislation, administration, finance. Each issue within six representative countries is described respectively. Based on such descriptions, a comprehensive comparison of each issue is conducted. These descriptions and comparisons can form the results of study and provide a remarkable insight into such issues of architectural heritage conservation in East Asian and European countries. The conservation legislation of the representative countries is examined respectively in the process of reviewing their conservation movement. As a result of the review process, the main laws that apply to their present conservation practices are presented. Important provisions concerning architectural conservation of the main laws are described; some possible similarities and differences of these provisions are analyzed and compared. This can deliver a general understanding about the policy framework or institutions in these countries\' architectural conservation. The administrative structures of the representative countries are analyzed from four levels: national, regional or local, consultation commissions and civic organizations. This dissertation summarizes some main authorities or organizations responsible for architectural conservation and their duties. In reference to previous descriptions, this dissertation analyzes and compares the characteristics of administrative structures of architectural conservation in East Asian and European countries based on the national and regional/local authorities. It can be concluded that most countries have been moving towards decentralization with varying degrees since the last decades of the 20th century. This dissertation also explores some possible motives for decentralized administration, analyzes the status quo of decentralization in the field of architectural conservation in different East Asian and European countries. This dissertation also provides an overview of their different financial policies in the field of architectural conservation from two aspects: direct public finance and indirect finance. In their conservation practices, direct public funds invested in architectural conservation projects mainly come from central and local subsidies. Two proportions of central and local subsidies in conservation projects are summarized. This dissertation concludes that direct public finance is the main source of their conservation funds but the supply of direct public finance is often limited. In this context, this dissertation argues the important role of indirect finance in the field of architectural conservation, gives some possible ways to improve the efficiency of indirect financing.