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Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Gates in and out of the Jia -- The House Gate (Men ) and Lane Gate (Lü ) -- The Middle Gate (Zhong Men 中 ) -- Gate Titles for Mothers -- 2 Women on Journeys -- Vehicles -- Traces -- Conclusion -- 3 Women in Local Communities -- Inner Affairs (Nei Shi 内事) and Outer Affairs (Wai Shi 外事) -- Women and Household Economy -- Women and Local Welfare -- Women and Public Projects -- 4 Women and Local Governments -- Women's Participation in Local Administration -- Women and Governmental Structures -- Women and Lawsuits

AbstractThe pursuit of lower costs and the volatility of spot prices force shipping companies to sign fuel supply contracts with suppliers in advance. Meanwhile, suppliers that take on price risks typically seek further information on spot market prices. Furthermore, they need to consider whether to share the information with shipping companies as such information can affect shipping companies' decision on speed and, hence, their fuel consumption and shipper business. To study the refueling and information issues of the shipping supply chain, we describe a game between a shipping company and a supplier on the basis of a fuel supply contract. Results show that compared with the case without information sharing, the case with information sharing with a possibly lower spot price can bring higher profits for the shipping company and supplier. At this point, the shipping company will increase its navigation speed and benefit from the resulting increase in shipper business. Meanwhile, the supplier can benefit from the shipping company's increased fuel consumption. The supplier decides to share information with the shipping company before receiving signals only when the prediction accuracy is high, indicating that the supplier's prediction motivation is to sway the shipping company's risk assessment. Restricted by prediction costs, the supplier will not improve the prediction accuracy indefinitely, but such improvement can always benefit the shipping company. Hence, information prediction can be a win‐win strategy for the shipping company and supplier.

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo explore why individuals engage in status consumption despite scarce monetary resources in the Chinese context. This exploration employs a family influence perspective focusing on whether the parental relationship is associated with the status consumption tendency of individuals.MethodThree surveys were conducted, and the responses of 637 Chinese participants were used to test the hypothesis systematically.ResultsParticipants who had a close relationship with their parents were more likely to engage in status consumption, had a more positive attitude toward luxury brands, and spent more money on products that signal status. This effect is driven by participants' perceived social support from close parental relationship. This positive effect of parental relationship on the status consumption holds when their monetary resources are scarce but disappears when their monetary resources are abundant.ConclusionThe findings suggest that a close relationship with parents increases status consumption. When engaging in status consumption, social support received from parents and monetary resources are interchangeable.ImplicationsIt is important to cultivate an appropriate consumption concept in interactions with the next generation.

In The Growth of Incarceration in the United States, the National Research Council documents the large and persistent racial disparities in imprisonment that accompanied the more than quadrupling of the U.S. incarceration rate since the 1980s. Largely unnoticed by policy makers and opinion leaders in recent years is an unprecedented decrease in the number of African American women incarcerated at the same time that the number of white women in prison has grown to new heights. The result of these recent changes is a near convergence in black-white female incarceration rates from 2000 to 2016. In some states, the changes occurred abruptly and almost instantaneously. In other states, the convergence has been gradual. We find that changes in the population composition—the fraction of the population that is black—was the major contributor to the decline in the disparity among women. We also find that race-specific differences in drug overdose deaths stemming from the recent increases in opioid use lowered the disparity by increasing the white female imprisonment rate and lowering it for black women.

AbstractExisting research on funding disparities between historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and non-HBCUs primarily focuses on government funding and pays little attention to foundation giving. This paper helps to fill this gap by examining the effects of funding by the Charles Koch Foundation—a major funder of economics research in the USA—on the economics research productivity at HBCUs. Using data from the foundation's tax forms, the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), and Scopus, this paper examines factors that explain the foundation's grant results and how the foundation's money affects economics research productivity at HBCUs. The paper estimates the effects of Koch funding on three different measures of HBCU productivity: number of publications, citations, and publications in top economics journals. We report ordinary least squares, two-step generalized linear model, and Poisson results that show little or no impact from (a) recipiency of a Koch grant, (b) the total amount of grant dollars, or (c) the average amount of grant dollars on research productivity. We also obtain event study and difference-in-differences estimates of the effects of Koch grants to HBCUs on publications and publications per faculty member and again find no statistically significant impacts. The evidence obtained—consistent across different model specifications and estimation techniques—does not support the hypothesis that Koch's funding to HBCUs is primarily geared towards enhancing the research productivity of these colleges and universities. The paper discusses alternative explanations for the Charles Koch Foundation's targeting strategy and its involvement with particular HBCUs.