Suchergebnisse

En China existe una tradición milenaria en el diseño de jardines que constituye una de sus manifestaciones culturales más significativas. El concepto de jardín apareció por primera vez durante la dinastía Shāng (s. XI a.C.) y alcanza su máximo esplendor en la dinastía Míng (s. XIV-XVII). En este último período, funcionarios y aristócratas competían con el diseño de sus jardines, debido a que constituía un símbolo de prestigio social y nivel cultural. Como consecuencia, el número y la calidad de los jardines privados aumentó considerablemente, sobre todo en la próspera región de Jiāngnán 江南, situada al sureste del país. En esta zona residían la mayor parte de literatos y eruditos, y constituyó por tanto el centro cultural de China durante esa época. En este contexto, aparecieron por primera vez tratados sobre el jardín que nos proporcionan valiosas reflexiones y descripciones. El más antiguo y completo es el Yuányě《园冶》, escrito en 1631 por Jì Chéng 计成, aunque también podemos destacar al "Tratado de Elementos Superfluos"《长物志》[Zhàngwù zhì] (1621) de Wén Zhènhēng ⽂震亨, o las "Notas ocasionales para ocio y percepción"《闲情偶寄》[Xiánqíng ǒujì] (1667) escrito por Lǐyú 李渔. Los jardines privados de esta región tuvieron una gran repercusión, ya que fueron utilizados posteriormente como modelos para la construcción de jardines privados e imperiales en otras zonas del país. La tesis se ha centrado por tanto en el estudio de los jardines privados Míng en Jiāngnán. Considerando pertinente estudiar el modo en que el contexto social, cultural y político de esta próspera región contribuyó al desarrollo del jardín, como su evolución a lo largo del período analizado. La investigación se ha basado en el estudio de fuentes originales tales como tratados de la época, pinturas paisajísticas, composiciones poéticas o análisis in situ de jardines que han perdurado hasta nuestros días. Además, las fuentes originales han sido complementadas mediante el análisis de investigaciones contemporáneas. Nos hemos centrado principalmente en el estudio del Yuányě, ya que es el tratado más antiguo y completo sobre el jardín en China, y se trata de un texto clave para entender el jardín clásico en el marco de la cultura y sociedad Míng. Por otro lado, este tratado refleja aspectos esenciales de la cultura y el pensamiento chino, y tiene gran importancia en la literatura clásica, debido a las numerosas referencias históricas y literarias que utiliza, así como el uso del estilo literario conocido como Piántǐ wén 骈 体⽂. Dada la importancia del Yuányě, hemos incluido una traducción anotada directamente desde el chino. De este modo, futuros investigadores podrán disponer del texto original, con aclaraciones o especificaciones pertinentes, para poder realizar su propia interpretación en función de sus objetivos o intereses de investigación. El Yuányě recoge conceptos o principios creativos que deben inspirar las diferentes escenas del jardín, y ofrece consejos prácticos para la construcción y ubicación de sus elementos arquitectónicos. En este sentido, aporta 235 ilustraciones que incluyen plantas de pabellones, tipos de ventanas y balaustradas, pavimentos y diseños decorativos de galerías o pasajes. Estos principios de diseño reflejan la búsqueda de una íntima relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza, y permiten arrojar nueva luz sobre como la arquitectura debe de relacionarse con su entorno para estar en armonía con el medio ambiente. Por otro lado, hemos analizado la relación del Yuányě con otras manifestaciones artísticas, tales como la pintura, literatura o poesía, así como con diferentes corrientes de pensamiento. En concreto, con el confucianismo, taoísmo, budismo e ideas de geomancia o fēngshuǐ. De este modo, queremos producir un relevante avance en la comprensión de las bases conceptuales en las que se fundamenta el arte del jardín en China. ; There is a millenary tradition of garden design in China that represents one of its most significant cultural expressions. The concept of gardens first appeared during the Shāng dynasty (11th century BC) and reached its maximum splendor in the Míng Dynasty (14th-17th centuries). During this period, officials and aristocrats competed in the design of gardens because it was a symbol of social and cultural prestige. As a result, the number and quality of private gardens considerably increased, more specifically in the prosperous Jiāngnan 江南region, located in the southeast of the country. The majority of literati and scholars resided in this area, and consequently, it was the cultural center of China at that time. In this context, the first treatises governing gardens appeared, which provided valuable reflections and descriptions. The oldest and most complete is the Yuányě《园冶》, written in 1631 by Jì Chéng 计成, although we can also highlight the "Treaty of Superfluous Elements"《长物志》[Zhàngwù zhì] (1621) by Wén Zhènhēng ⽂震亨and the "Occasional notes for leisure and perception"《闲情偶寄》[Xiánqíng ǒujì] (1667) written by Lǐyú 李渔. The private gardens of this region had a great impact, since they were later used as models for the construction of private and imperial gardens in other areas of China. Consequently, the thesis focuses on the study of Míng private gardens in Jiāngnán. We considered it pertinent to study the way in which the social, cultural and political context of this prosperous region contributed to the development of gardens and their evolution throughout this period. Our research has been based on the study of original sources such as treatises from the time, landscape paintings, poetic compositions or in situ analysis of gardens that have lasted to this day. Additionally, the original sources have been complemented by the analysis of contemporary research. We have focused the analysis on the study of Yuányě, since it is the oldest and most complete treatise on gardens in China, as well as being a key text to understand the classical garden within the framework of Míng culture and society. Furthermore, this important treatise reflects relevant values of Chinese culture and thought, and has great importance in classical literature, due to the numerous historical and literary references used, as well as the use of the literary style known as Piántǐ wén 骈体⽂. Given the importance of Yuányě, we have included an annotated translation directly from Chinese. Subsequently, future researchers will have access to the original text, with appropriate clarifications or specifications, to be able to carry out their interpretation according to their objectives or research interests. Yuányě includes concepts and creative principles that should inspire different garden scenes, and provides practical advice for the construction and location of architectural elements. In this sense, it contributes 235 illustrations that include designs for pavilions, types of windows and balustrades, pavements and decorative designs of galleries or passages. These design principles reflect the search for an intimate relationship between man and nature and allow us to shed new light on how architecture must relate to and harmonize with the natural environment. Moreover, we have analyzed the relationship of the Yuányě with additional artistic manifestations, such as painting, literature or poetry, as well as different currents of thought. In particular, its relationship with Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and ideas of geomancy or fēngshuǐ. In this way, we want to produce a relevant advance in the understanding of the conceptual bases of the art of gardens in China.

This paper studies the firm-level impact of the river chief system (RCS), which is a decentralized policy in China for water protection, by investigating polluting firms' emission abatement and the net operating profits. We have four main findings. First, on average, the RCS significantly reduced firm-level COD emissions by 3.7 percent, which was mainly caused by the emission abatement of firms in heavily polluting industries, non-state-owned firms, and firms in the eastern provinces. On the other hand, the RCS also significantly increased polluting firms' profit by 3.1 percent, which was mainly caused by heavily polluting firms. Second, different regions adopted different strategies for pollution abatement, exhibiting a pattern consistent with the "pollution paradise" assumption in the central and western provinces. Third, polluting firms at provincial boundaries did not reduce their COD emissions, while polluting firms in the interior significantly reduced their emissions by 5.6 percent, indicating the strong free-riding incentive of local governments. Fourth, the increase in the profits of heavily polluting industries was mainly caused by the significant increase in market concentration and a possible transfer of the negative shock from the RCS along the production line. All results were also robust for firm-level NH3-N emissions. This paper provides new and insightful implications for policymaking for environmental protection.

The cyclicality of public health in the emerging market is underexplored in existing literature. In this study, we used a fixed effect model and provincial data to document how public health varies with the business cycle in China over the period of 2010–2019. The estimated results showed that the business cycle is negatively correlated with the mortality of infectious disease, a proxy variable of public health, thus indicating that public health exhibits a countercyclical pattern in China. Furthermore, we investigated the potential moderating role of public health education and digital economy development in the relationship between business cycle and public health. Our findings suggested that public health education and digital economy development can mitigate the damage of economic conditions on public health in China. Health education helps the public obtain more professional knowledge about diseases and then induces effective preventions. Compared with traditional economic growth, digital economy development can avoid environmental pollution which affects public health. Also, it ensures that state-of-the-art medical services are available for the public through e-health. In addition, digitalization assures that remote working is practicable and reduces close contact during epidemics such as COVID-19. The conclusions stand when subjected to several endogeneity and robustness checks. Therefore, the paper implies that these improvements in public health education and digitalization can help the government in promoting public health.

The purpose of this article is to disclose the strenuous efforts of László Hudec in China and Antonin Raymond in Japan and India to create a modern architectural stance by heralding an incipient space syntax. At the turn of the 19th century, for dynastic, political and economic reasons, Eastern Asia had very little modern architecture. It is a surprising fact that, out of happenstance, two European architects, Antonin Raymond and László Hudec, had to intervene to remedy this situation, to the point of becoming 20th century icons in Japan and China. Their fruitful careers spanned over thirty years and included locations like Tamil Nadu and the Philippines. The oriental territories were not an easy ground for the bold architectural achievements that they produced. Despite faraway strangeness and uncountable personal losses, in revolutions and wars, which eventually forced them both to leave for the United States of America and never to return, they were successful in the manner of establishing a broad avenue for modern Asian architecture which is still recognizable today thanks to their systematic approach. However, theirs is an endangered heritage and the intention of this article is to offer a just remembrance of the way in which such actions could be performed, how they predated by many years a syntactic approach to architectural composition and why their legacy should be preserved.

As the manufacturing industry is the foundation of the national economy, many countries have made concerted efforts to promote the transition upgrading of manufacturing enterprises from political, industrial, and academic circles. This study employed content analysis to explore the transition upgrading factors for manufacturing enterprises from an energy source perspective. With the help of FsQCA (Fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis), which can mine multivariate combination relationships using a small number of samples, this study quantitatively calculated the transition paths and energy source combinations of manufacturing enterprises. Three transition upgrading paths were proposed, including an innovation-oriented path, a business-oriented path, and an efficiency-oriented path. The results indicate that manufacturing enterprises can realize transition upgrading based on three key methods, including innovation resources and innovation activities, strategic layout, and production operation + network relationship (peripheral). Such a finding validated the rationality of the theoretical path design and improved the research depth and precision. Multiple case analyses of Huawei, Haier, and Lenovo reveal that manufacturing enterprises used three ways to promote transition upgrading: the joint action of innovation activities and innovation resources; the uni-directional causal effect of strategic layout adjustment to increase market value; and the coordination and matching role of network relations dominated by production and operation. We conclude that this study provides an effective decision-making basis and management reference for manufacturing enterprises, so that enterprises can choose an appropriate energy accumulation method and scientifically realize the transition upgrading.

With the continuous expansion of COVID-19, many medical experts with the characteristics of "Internet Celebrities" are increasingly influencing people's vaccination behavior, which is crucial for overall social welfare. To explore the influence of Internet celebrity medical experts on people's vaccination against COVID-19, this study constructed a conceptual model of COVID-19 vaccination intention based on the professionalism, morality, interaction dimension, and information content of Internet celebrity medical experts, to generate perceived value by establishing a trusting relationship between them and the influenced people. The empirical analysis shows that interactivity and information content are important factors determining the influence of Internet celebrity medical experts. In the context of high demands for COVID-19 vaccines, it is more effective to influence vaccination intention through strong demand than through generating trust. The empirical analysis shows that Internet celebrity medical experts have a significant role in COVID-19 vaccination, and interactivity and information content are two important factors determining the influence. Through the connection of information-demand, Internet celebrity medical experts can greatly influence the perceived value, by coaction with trust to influence the final intention. Therefore, the COVID-19 vaccination persuasion information released by Internet celebrity medical experts should be elaborately organized and demonstrated, especially from the demand aspect, and government could put more resources to support the information to spread.