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AbstractThis study differentiates between internal corporate social responsibility (CSR) and external CSR to investigate the impact of family involvement on different dimensions of CSR. Using a sample of 2,114 Chinese listed firms, we show that family involvement is positively related to the level of firms' participation in external CSR but negatively related to the level of firms' participation in internal CSR. We further explore the roles of internal ownership structure and external institutional environment in influencing the incentives of family firms to invest in internal and external CSR. Results show that high levels of ownership balance and regional institutional development attenuate the negative effect of family involvement on internal CSR while a high level of regional institutional development strengthens the positive effect of family involvement on external CSR. These findings contribute to our understanding on the internal and external CSR strategies in family firms in emerging markets.

Ecological civilization is the wisdom crystallization of China's long-term explorations and researches based on Marxist ecological theory and scientific outlook on development, and the essence is to achieve sustainable development. Since the beginning of the new century, our government has attached great importance to ecological civilization and sustainable development and school education played an important role in this process. With the active promotion of international and domestic related policies and education administrative departments, ecological civilization education deepen its development. This paper focuses on the summary and analysis of the main implementation models and achievements in promoting ecological civilization education by experimental schools of education for sustainable development in the field of elementary education in recent years, aiming at providing reference for further promoting ecological civilization and sustainable development from the perspective of education.

The purpose of this study was to determine the teachers' perception towards Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) Assessment at program level and relationship with the teachers' demographic factors: age, educational qualification, years of service in school, and academic rank in two Secondary High Schools in Laiza and Mai Ja Yang Townships, Kachin State, Myanmar, and to compare teachers' perception towards internal quality assurance system according to teachers' gender. Two set of questionnaires were used to conduct this study: Questionnaires for teachers' demographic profile and Questionnaires for Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) Assessment at Program Level. 95% of the questionnaires were returned valid and data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). The findings of objectives were that the teachers' perception towards total internal quality assurance system based on fifteen components was at low level. Therefore, there was no significant difference between male teachers and female teachers' perception towards internal quality assurance system according to teachers' gender. There was no significant relationship between internal quality assurance system at program level and other teachers' demographic factors. Since all the significant values were bigger than .05 at the significant level. The study recommended that school's principals and board committee members should pay more attention to focus on IQA strategic planning and implementation process in order for promoting schools' quality.

The purposes of this study were: 1) to compare the Sisters' Leadership styles in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower Congregation; 2) to determine the Sisters' Job Satisfaction levels in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower Congregation, and 3) to compare the Sisters' Job Satisfaction among different Leadership Styles in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower.This research was conducted in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower Congregation, Taunggyi Archdiocese, Myanmar. All 80 sisters in the congregation were distributed the surveys and all surveys were returned.The research was designed as a survey research. The researcher identified sisters' leadership styles, including autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style and laissez-faire leadership style. Extrinsic job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction and overall job satisfaction were used to determine the sister's job satisfaction in this study.The collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA. The study found out that most of the sisters in congregation had practiced democratic leadership styles. The sisters' job satisfaction was at "Satisfied" level, which meant they were satisfied with their jobs in the Congregation, Myanmar. However, the research found there was no significant difference of sisters' job satisfaction among different leadership styles in the Congregation.Recommendation for the sisters to strengthen their leadership styles and job satisfaction by providing self-learning, peer learning, group learning to learn and share, to ensure different personal growth and to practice appropriate leadership styles which leads to the ultimate success in developing sisters in both their leadership styles and congregation.

AbstractResearch question/issueAlthough the dark side of corporate political connections has been highlighted in recent studies, their adverse consequences on board decision making have received limited research attention. In this study, we posit that the political position of a chairman leads to greater power and a higher ranking on the board, which adversely influences the dissenting behavior of independent directors.Research findings/insightsIn line with our predictions, we show that the presence of a chairman with political position will reduce the likelihood that independent directors will dissent on board proposals. Such influence is particularly weaker in firms that have higher status independent directors on boards and are state owned but stronger among firms in regulated industries and those strongly influenced by Confucian beliefs. These predictions are supported using a sample of Chinese firms from 2004 to 2016.Theoretical/academic implicationsOur findings contribute to the board dynamics and decision‐making literature by highlighting how the political position of a board chairman can adversely affect the decision‐making quality of the whole board by reducing the propensity for independent directors to dissent.Practitioner/policy implicationsThe findings of this work also provide important insights to policymakers who are keen to improve corporate governance mechanisms by designing political strategies for firms.