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The aim of the study is investigation of nighttime sleep effect on the performance of a cognitive setting in terms of the coupling of EEG rhythms. The coupling of 5 rhythm: beta-1, beta-2, gamma, alpha and theta rhythms of EEG during the formation and testing of cognitive set was studied for 120 students (17 with short-term night sleep and 15 with a full night sleep). Multi-channel EEG was recorded. EEG evaluation was carried out by continuous wavelet transform based on the "mother" complex Morlet wavelet in the range of 1–35 Hz. Maps of the distribution of the values of the modulus of the wavelet transformation coefficient, which reflect amplitude changes of the potentials were analyzed. The Pearson correlation coefficient was a measure evaluating the coupling of EEG rhythms. The subjects with a short night's sleep showed almost all of the relations of EEG rhythms (8 couples) during the formation stage of presentation. Students with a full night's sleep showed statistically significant coupling of the following pairs of rhythms: alpha–beta-1, alpha–gamma and beta-2–gamma. Students with short-term night sleep demonstrated the 3 significant couples: alpha–beta-1, beta-1–gamma and beta-2–gamma during the testing stage. Well-slept students showed an increase in the number of connections (6 couples) in relation to the stage of formation of the set due to the addition of connections with the theta rhythm. The obtained data could indicate that the thalamo-cortical and cortico-hippocampal structural-functional associations work differently in the groups of subjects.

We revisit and empirically evaluate crucial yet under-examined arguments articulated in "God Gave Physics the Easy Problems" (2000), the authors of which emphasized that, in International Relations (IR) predictions, predominant nomothetic approaches should be supplemented with concrete scenario thinking. We test whether the IR predictive toolkit is in fact dominated by nomothetic generalizations and, more broadly, map the methodological profile of this subfield. We build on the TRIP database, supplementing it with extensive original coding to operationalize the nuances of predictive research. In particular, we differentiate between nomoscopic predictions (predictive generalizations) and idioscopic predictions (predictions for concrete situations), showing that this distinction is not reducible to other methodological cleavages. We find that even though in contemporary IR an increasing number of articles seek to provide predictions, they consistently avoid predictions about concrete situations. The proportion of idioscopic predictions is stably small, with an even smaller proportion of predictions that develop concrete narratives or specify any determinate time period. Furthermore, those idioscopic studies are mostly limited to a niche with specialized themes and aims. Thus, our research shows that the critical claims from 20 years ago are still relevant for contemporary IR, as the "difficult problem" of developing predictive scenarios is still consistently overlooked in favor of other objectives. Ultimately, the types of predictions that IR scholars develop depend on their specific aims and constraints, but the discipline-wide result is a situation in which international studies' ambition to provide predictions grows, but they tend to reproduce the same limitations as they did in 2000.

We revisit and empirically evaluate crucial yet under-examined arguments articulated in "God Gave Physics the Easy Problems" (2000), the authors of which emphasized that, in International Relations (IR) predictions, predominant nomothetic approaches should be supplemented with concrete scenario thinking. We test whether the IR predictive toolkit is in fact dominated by nomothetic generalizations and, more broadly, map the methodological profile of this subfield. We build on the TRIP database, supplementing it with extensive original coding to operationalize the nuances of predictive research. In particular, we differentiate between nomoscopic predictions (predictive generalizations) and idioscopic predictions (predictions for concrete situations), showing that this distinction is not reducible to other methodological cleavages. We find that even though in contemporary IR an increasing number of articles seek to provide predictions, they consistently avoid predictions about concrete situations. The proportion of idioscopic predictions is stably small, with an even smaller proportion of predictions that develop concrete narratives or specify any determinate time period. Furthermore, those idioscopic studies are mostly limited to a niche with specialized themes and aims. Thus, our research shows that the critical claims from 20 years ago are still relevant for contemporary IR, as the "difficult problem" of developing predictive scenarios is still consistently overlooked in favor of other objectives. Ultimately, the types of predictions that IR scholars develop depend on their specific aims and constraints, but the discipline-wide result is a situation in which international studies' ambition to provide predictions grows, but they tend to reproduce the same limitations as they did in 2000.