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© 2018, This is a U.S. government work and its text is not subject to copyright protection in the United States; however, its text may be subject to foreign copyright protection. We implement two novel algorithms for sparse-matrix dense-matrix multiplication (SpMM) on the GPU. Our algorithms expect the sparse input in the popular compressed-sparse-row (CSR) format and thus do not require expensive format conversion. While previous SpMM work concentrates on thread-level parallelism, we additionally focus on latency hiding with instruction-level parallelism and load-balancing. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the proposed SpMM is a better fit for the GPU than previous approaches. We identify a key memory access pattern that allows efficient access into both input and output matrices that is crucial to getting excellent performance on SpMM. By combining these two ingredients—(i) merge-based load-balancing and (ii) row-major coalesced memory access—we demonstrate a 4.1 × peak speedup and a 31.7% geomean speedup over state-of-the-art SpMM implementations on real-world datasets.

This paper considers a political contest model wherein self-interested politicians seek rents from the public budget, while general voters make political efforts to protest against politicians' rent seeking directly (for example, through voting in referendums such as the passage of Proposition 13) or indirectly (for example, through donating money to organized groups such as the National Taxpayer Union). We show that the political contest may ironically lead to the Laffer paradox; that is, rent-seeking politicians may intend to set the tax rate higher than the revenue-maximizing rate. For taming Leviathans, political protests may not be as effective as competition among governments. Adapted from the source document.

People turn out to cast their votes simply because they want to "cheer" or "boo" their favored or unfavored candidates. This expressive voting behavior is in marked contrast to instrumental voting behavior, ie, people vote because they perceive voting as a means of achieving a particular election outcome. In this paper, we report an econometric study on voting behavior that uses data from the 1988 American National Election Study. The results reveal that the "cheering" & "booing" effects are statistically significant, & that they exert substantial influence on both turnout & voter choice. We also obtain evidence against the proposition that people turn out to vote because they consider themselves to be potentially decisive with regard to the election outcome. 4 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.