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Marguerite Duras (1914-1996) and Eileen Chang (1920-1995), two women writers of the 20th century show specific sources for their inspiration : Duras – was from Indochina, and Chang – was from Shanghai; childhood and family experiences offer the background of most of their works. The worlds they describe are consequently defined by pain and suffering – either individual or collective. The family theme prevails in the works of both writers. It allows to offer a psychoanalytic reading of many of their novels of each writer, and to comment them by reference to the family romance which characterizes Duras and Chang. But childhood, family secrets, importance of the mother image, etc., are not the only background of Duras and Chang's works. Both writers were fully aware of the political and social conditions which prevailed, and of the women's situation. Consequently, the psychoanalytic reading of both writers should not neglect these conditions and the lucidity of both writers. This reading should account for the connection between the family history of both writers and their ability to address broader issues. ; Marguerite Duras (1914-1996) et Eileen Chang (1920-1995), deux écrivaines du 20e siècle, ont des sources spécifiques d'inspiration : Duras, née en Indochine ; Chang, née à Shanghai. Enfance et expérience familiale constituent l'arrière-plan de la plupart de leurs œuvres. Les mondes que décrivent ces œuvres sont, en conséquence, définies par la douleur et par la souffrance – soit personnelle, soit collective. Le thème familial l'emporte dans les romans de chacun des écrivains. Il permet d'offrir une lecture psychanalytique de bien des romans des deux écrivains, et de les commenter selon le roman familial qui caractérise Duras et Chang. Mais l'enfant et les secrets de la famille, l'importance de l'image de la mère, ne sont pas le seul arrière-plan de l'œuvre de Duras et de Chang. Les deux écrivaines sont conscientes des conditions sociales et politiques qui prévalent et de la situation des femmes. En ...

Marguerite Duras (1914-1996) and Eileen Chang (1920-1995), two women writers of the 20th century show specific sources for their inspiration : Duras – was from Indochina, and Chang – was from Shanghai; childhood and family experiences offer the background of most of their works. The worlds they describe are consequently defined by pain and suffering – either individual or collective. The family theme prevails in the works of both writers. It allows to offer a psychoanalytic reading of many of their novels of each writer, and to comment them by reference to the family romance which characterizes Duras and Chang. But childhood, family secrets, importance of the mother image, etc., are not the only background of Duras and Chang's works. Both writers were fully aware of the political and social conditions which prevailed, and of the women's situation. Consequently, the psychoanalytic reading of both writers should not neglect these conditions and the lucidity of both writers. This reading should account for the connection between the family history of both writers and their ability to address broader issues. ; Marguerite Duras (1914-1996) et Eileen Chang (1920-1995), deux écrivaines du 20e siècle, ont des sources spécifiques d'inspiration : Duras, née en Indochine ; Chang, née à Shanghai. Enfance et expérience familiale constituent l'arrière-plan de la plupart de leurs œuvres. Les mondes que décrivent ces œuvres sont, en conséquence, définies par la douleur et par la souffrance – soit personnelle, soit collective. Le thème familial l'emporte dans les romans de chacun des écrivains. Il permet d'offrir une lecture psychanalytique de bien des romans des deux écrivains, et de les commenter selon le roman familial qui caractérise Duras et Chang. Mais l'enfant et les secrets de la famille, l'importance de l'image de la mère, ne sont pas le seul arrière-plan de l'œuvre de Duras et de Chang. Les deux écrivaines sont conscientes des conditions sociales et politiques qui prévalent et de la situation des femmes. En conséquence, une lecture psychanalytique des deux écrivaines ne doit pas ignorer ces conditions et la lucidité de chacune des écrivaines. Il doit rendre compte du lien entre l'histoire familiale et l'aptitude des deux écrivaines à traiter de questions plus larges.

Parents provide important insights into the psychology, behaviors, and activities of themselves and their children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). However, it is unknown how prevalent parental participation in IDD research is in general, nor the diversity of geographical locations and research methods of these studies with parental participation. The current review screened 7845 published works in 7 IDD-focused journals between 2010 and 2019. A total of 1519 articles, accounting for 19.37% of all screened works, included at least one parental measure. For each parental article, we coded the country/continent of authors/participants, measurement tools used to obtain data from parents (e.g., questionnaire, interview), and the focus of the measurement (i.e., about parents, child, or both). We found an increasing number and proportion of studies involving parents between 2010 and 2019. Most studies (76%) came from North America and Europe, whereas other continents such as Africa and South America represented less than 1% of all studies reviewed. The predominant (88.0%) measurement tools were questionnaires and interviews. More studies were about both the children and the parents (42.6%) than either only the children (31.3%) or only the parents (26.1%). Together, our review showed a somewhat limited diversity in parental participation in IDD research and these findings have important implications for future research.

To assess the status of, and factors associated with, residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to air pollution and respiratory health of children in Shanghai, we conducted a cross-sectional survey. Demographic factors associated with residents' knowledge were identified by multiple logistic regressions. The questionnaires were completed by 972 participants, half from the Shanghai Children Hospital and the other half from the Jiading communities. Half of the participants' scores of knowledge and attitudes were equal or greater than 8.0 on a 9-point scale, over 75% of respondents' practice scores were equal to or less than 4.0. Our studies demonstrated a significant difference of average knowledge scores between the two groups (t = 1.27, p < 0.05). The parents' educational level (OR = 1.89, 2.48) and average annual household income (AAHI) (OR = 2.37, 2.40, 2.12) were the two strongest factors on knowledge awareness. In addition, statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups in their attitudes towards air quality and their perception of the government's efforts to alleviate it. The hospital and community groups also showed significant differences in practices geared towards protecting their children's health. Nearly 90% of the respondents agreed that improving air quality is the responsibility of every citizen, and the joint action of governments and all citizens should be utilized for enhanced control. In addition, more resources should be allocated towards providing citizens with appropriate practices to help lessen the effects of poor air quality.

AbstractAmbient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures during pregnancy could lead to adverse birth outcomes, including neurobehavioral development defects. However, limited studies explored the effects and potential epigenetic mechanisms of maternal PM2.5 exposure on offspring spatial memory defects. This study aims to explore the effects and underlying epigenetic mechanisms of maternal concentrated ambient PM2.5 exposure in male mice offspring with spatial memory defects. Pregnant female C57BL/6 mice were exposed daily to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) or filtered air (FA) throughout gestation, with the concentration of particulates (102.99 ± 78.74 μg/m3) and (2.78 ± 1.19 μg/m3), respectively. Adult male mice offspring were subsequently assessed for spatial learning and memory ability using Morris Water Maze tests and locomotor activities in open field tests. The hippocampus of the male mice offspring was harvested to test mRNA expression and DNA methylation. Results from the probe test of Morris Water Maze showed that the mice offspring in the CAP group had shorter swimming distance travelled in the target quadrant, shorter duration in the target quadrant, and less number of entries into the target quadrant (p < 0.05), suggesting spatial memory impairments. The acquisition trials of Morris Water Maze did not show a significant difference in learning ability between the groups. The mRNA level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the CAP group hippocampus (10.80 ± 7.03) increased significantly compared to the FA group (1.08 ± 0.43). Interestingly, the methylation levels of the CpG sites in the IL-6 promoter region declined significantly in the CAP group, (5.66 ± 0.83)% vs. (4.79 ± 0.48)%. Prenatal exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 induced long-lasting spatial memory defects in male mice offspring. The underlying biological mechanism might be mediated by an inflammatory reaction which is regulated by DNA methylation.