The study aimed to describe the use of metaphor in the Jakarta Post. The wordsused in the Jakarta Post will beanalyzed by using theoretical frameworks proposedby Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In conducting the research, the writer is dealingwith two purposes: (1) examine metaphorical expression used in the Jakarta Post(2) find out types of metaphor used in the Jakarta Post. There are 50 metaphoricalexpressions used in the Jakarta Post that have chosen as the data of the study.Having analyzed the data, the writer draws twoconclusions. First, metaphoricalexpression is also used in political issues. Politic has compared with other relatedthings such as circus, expensive business, and holy that conceptualizes politic inthe terms of others. Second, there are three types of metaphor used in the Jakartapost, namely structural metaphor, orientation metaphor and ontological metaphor.Among the three types of metaphors, orientation and ontological metaphor are themost frequent use in the Jakarta Post and structural metaphor is rare one.Keywords: metaphor, type of metaphor, the Jakarta post
In the presidential debates, each candidate conveyed ideas, claims, and criticism. The wordsused can be a speech act that refers to the basic units of communication in which utterances areviewed as social acts that fulfil social functions. This study investigates types and function of thespeech act of representatives and the strong feelings expressed in the speech act. Speech act ofrepresentative refers to acts in which the words state what the speakers believes to be the case;and these can be found in the presidential debates. In the presidential debates, each candidateconveyed ideas, claims, and criticism. According to Searle (1976) there five types of speech acts,they are representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration. Every utterance thatrefers to asserting, informing, reporting, claiming, and fact stating can be said as representativespeech acts in which words delivered based on what the speaker believes to be the case.(Cutting, 2003). Furthermore, each of the speech act of representative can be followed by theemotional expressions like anger, sadness, joy, and fear. In this research, the writer analyzed thebasic emotions expressed in each types of representative speech acts. Some theories used toobserved the basic emotions are Parrot (2001): Fiehler (2002); Yanti (2013).The method used in analyzing the research is qualitative method that refers scientificmethod of observation to collect types of representative speech acts and basic emotion. It refersto the meaning, concepts, definitions, and drawing conclusions. Data were taken from threetranscripts of the 2016 US presidential debates posted on the web Washington Post. The writerobserved three transcripts of the 2016 US Presidential Debates between Donald Trump andHillary Clinton in terms of utterances that refers to the representative speech acts and basicemotions expressed through the words used by both of them. Then, the procedures done werecollecting, classifying the data based on the purpose of the study, analyzing those classified data,interpreting the result of data analysis, and drew a conclusion.The results show that there are a number of types of representative speech act used, forexample asserting, reporting, informing, claiming, and fact stating. These are influenced byvarious contexts in terms of physical context, epistemic context, and linguistic context. Fromthose types used, the writer found that asserting used by both of Hillary Clinton and DonaldTrump in terms of repetition to assert their opinions. In the type of speech act informing HillaryClinton gives the information she had previously thought and implicitly. In type speech actsinforming Donald Trump gives the information directly to the point of discussion. In the speechacts claiming, Clinton claimed about what she had done, or her success. Similarly, Trump also Inclaimed what he had done but he tend to praise himself. Related to the basic emotions expressed,the writer found three basic emotions in the representative speech acts based on Parrot's theorythey are Joy, Anger, and Sadness. In types of asserting the emotions of Hillary Clinton areoptimism, as a part of the primary emotion Joy; rejection as part of the primary emotion ofSadness, guilt (sadness), being annoyed (anger), exasperation (anger). Then, in the speech act ofreporting is the emotion of being disappointed (sadness). Other basic emotions expressed byClinton were are optimism (joy), pride (joy), disappointed (sadness), enthusiasm (joy) ininforming speech act representative. And, basic emotions expressed by Trump in the types ofspeech act of asserting were rejection (Sadness), optimism (Joy), exasperation (Anger), pride(Joy). In types of informing were feeling displeasure (Sadness), optimism (Joy), loathing(Anger), grumpiness (Anger), enthusiasm (Joy), and pride (Joy); and many other basic emotionsexpressed by both of the candidates.From the explanation, the writer can draw a conclusion that the basic emotions expressed ineach type of the representative speech acts. In asserting, the basic emotion of Joy, Sadness,Anger expressed by both of the candidates. In types of reporting Hillary Clinton tends to showthe basic emotions of Joy, that is strong feeling of optimism. In the speech acts of informing theemotions expressed were Joy and Sadness and Anger. The difference emotional expression fromboth of the candidates were sadness emotions. Hillary Clinton tends to inform something withdisappointed emotions (sadness) and Donald Trump tends to conveyed displeasure emotions.Trump usually informed something with anger expressions, namely loathing, grumpiness andexasperation. He showed his exasperation with the previous government differ from HillaryClinton. To claim something the emotion by both candidates is the same, namely (joy) pride and(joy) optimism. Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, both of them felt proud of themselves andoptimism they would be voted as a president. In types of Fact stating by both candidates have thesame feeling, joy emotion and anger emotion. But, Donald Trump tends to show anger emotionsby using sarcastic words and tends to feel exaggerating to say the facts. He showed the facts andtried to convince people with the facts with his strong feeling of anger. From the data, the writertend to say that From that Clinton is more calm person and tends not to show her emotions inpublic. Meanwhile, Trump is more resolute and straight to the point with his words. Finally, theresearch is useful for people who study language in terms of words delivered have anillocutionary act to make people do something; the words are not only use as saying things butalso doing things. For further research, it is very interesting to study other aspects, such aslanguage use as representative of ideology, character, and politeness.Keywords: Speech act of Representative, Basic emotions, Types, The 2016 US presidentialDebates
The study aims at investigating the negative emotions expressed in the PresidentialDebate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. According to Staats (1975) negativeemotions refers to an evolution of scathe feeling that can affect an action to self andothers. Some concepts used in analyzing the data are basic emotions, language andemotion, meaning and context, figurative language and repetition (Fiehler, 2002; Parrott,2001; Wilson, 2006). The methodology used in this study is qualitative method. Data weretaken from the third presidential debate on October 19, 2016. All of the data were observedand analyzed related to negative emotions in terms of ANGER that covers outrage, hostility,scorn, dislike, hate, loathing, disgust, revulsion, spite and annoyance.These were oftenused by the candidates. The negative emotions were revealed through the choice of words interms of literal words, irony, sarcasm, and repetition. The findings show the various ways toexpress the negative emotions as a result of an evaluation of social phenomena, politicalsituation, and condition faced by the Americans. The result of this study can develop the studyof language and emotion in other aspects. Keywords: basic emotion, negative emotion, anger, non-literal expression
Language is the main aspects of human life to cummunicate ideas, information andpeople's emotions or feelings by using sounds, gestures, and signals that have paterns. Thiscan submit people to convey or receive information. Language style is a variation of thelanguage based on factors such as, address, setting, task or topic (Stewart and Vailette, 2001:337 ). The variation of language is not only found in daily communication but also in slogan,magazine, newspaper, short story, novel and another. However, this research focus onanalyzing the language style used in presidential compaign slogans. Slogan is a briefattention-getting phrase used in advertising or promotion (Merriam-Webster online, 2019 ).Advertising is a business in which language is used to persuade to do thing. In thepresidential campaign, the slogans used various style to persuade and motivate people to vote.The language used can be standard and non-standard language in terms of formal andinformal style. The slogans used the different style to convince people about the ideas thatcan persuade people to do thing and vote. Because of that, This study aims to find out thetypes of the language style in the presidential campaign slogans and to describe thefunctions of the style in the presidential campaigan slogans.In this research the writer used the sociolinguitics approach. Sociolinguistics is a studyof language use in society. In the society people use various forms of words to communicateideas or things. The theories used refer to sociolinguistic theories stated by Holmes (2013).Holmes states that there are many ways to say something by considering the social factors; andlanguage also has many variety in terms of non standard language and standard language.Standard language is the language which has the structural patterns of subject (s), verb (v), andobject (o). Besides that a non standard language is a language which not has the structural inthe writing. Joos (2007) states that there are five types of language style, those are; frozen,formal, consultative, casual, and intimate. The particular speech functions are expressed in averiety of contexts, identifying the range of linguistics forms they take (Holmes, 2013). Thefunctions of language is not only found in speaking (oral ) but also in written text. However,this research also apply the functions of speech in the presidential campaigan slogans. Thereare a number of functions used in the speech, namely expressive function, it refers toindividual feelings or emotions to express the idea; directive function, it is giving orders ormaking requests by using imperative statement or utterances attempt to request someone to dosomethings; referential function, it relies on the balance between given and presupposedinformation; metalinguistic function, it is replacement of the uknown and verified in thestructure aand content of the object in interpretation or it uterances comment on languageitself; poetic function, this is using poetic features such as metaphor, metonymy, alliteration,rhyme, ambiguity, repetition, silime, and antisthesis; and phatic function, it refers to theutterances that express solidarity and empathy with others, it consists of greetings,complements, gossip, etc).Data used in this research were taken from the website of the top 15 campaignslogans made by presidential hopefuls and 99 creative political slogans & buttons to help getelected in terms of the written text of the presidential campaign slogans in America. Incollecting the data, the writer observed all of the language styles used in the slogans, wrote allof the varieties, classified the data based on the purposes of the research, analyzed theclassified data, interpreted based on the theories used and got the conclusion. In representingand analyzing the data, the writer used descriptive qualitative method that explain in informalmethod. Informal method is the way used by the writer to interpret and analyze the data byusing words, determined all types and functions of language style in the presidential campaignslogans which related to the purpose of the study. Then, the writer obtained the conclutionsfrom the data analysis based on the types and functions of language style in the presidentialcampaign slogans.From the data analysis, the results show there are two types of language style; standardlanguage and non standard language. Then, from the two types used, the writer found both ofthe types used in terms of standard language and non standard language used in the presidentialcampaign slogans, And, from the types, the type of non standard language style is moredominant used in the campaign slogans. Futhermore, there are six functions of speech used inthe campaign slogans, they are; expressive function, directive function, referential function,metalinguistics function, poetic function, and phatic function. From those functions, the writeronly found three (3) functions of speech in the presidential campaign slogans, those are;expressive function, directive function, and referential function, in which the referentialfunction is mostly used in the presidential campaign slogans. So, from the analysis of languagestyle in the presidential campaign slogans dominantly used non standard language andreferential function to make public interest to vote the presidential slogans. In conclusion, theresults show the varieties of language style in terms of the standard language that can be used informal situation that refers to formal style or frozen language and in informal situation thatrefers to casual style. The study gives the information for people especially for English studentsabout types of language style and functions of using the various style in the presidentialcampaign slogans.Finally, the contributions of this study, especially for linguistics study, it can giveinformation about language style itself and to give contribution to development ofsociolinguistics research and can enrich people knowledge in learning language use in thesociety that consist of varieties. Overall, the writer hopes this research can avoid themisunderstood about the words used in the presidential campaign slogans. For further research,there are still various language style that can be analyzed in other types of slogans, such asbusiness and advertising slogans.Keywords: type of language style, functions of language style, political slogans
Speech acts means every speech, both of spoken and written discourse that can give anact and has a power in an action. It means that speech act is not only viewed as locutionary actbut as an illocutionary act that can make people to do something, and perlocutionary act as theresult of that (Austin, 1962). Then, illocutionary act was developed into five types of speech actsin which speech act of expressive is one of them (Searle, 1976). Speech act phenomena do notonly occur in daily life or daily conversations, but also in the 2016 US Presidential Debatesbetween the candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The two candidates expresses theirvision and missions during the debates and also there were several issues raised such asachieving prosperity is about creating jobs, economy, taxes, immigration, economy, foreignhotspot, and national debt. This is interesting topic to be studied in terms of the basic emotionsexpressed through the words use in the speech act of expressive, determine the strategy used byboth candidates expressed in each type expressive speech act, and basic emotions conveyedthrough the words by the candidates.According to Searle (1976) speech act of expressive is kind of speech act that express'spsychological or emotional state and also expressive speech act related to the speaker feelingsand showing sympathy. It means that speakers express their feelings toward hearers. Inexpressing the speakers' feeling, it was influenced by situation and contexts. In order to analyzethe speech act of expressive, the writer used basic emotions theory stated by Parrot (2001).According to Parrot, basic emotion appears as different reaction. The changing way of thinking,psychology, and behavior not only through behavior but also can conveyed through the wordsused as emotional reaction. The emotions can be reflected by the words used by the candidates.The effects of emotional expressions will influence social interaction and relationships to otherpeople.This study employed descriptive qualitative research that means to gather in depthanalysis of the phenomenon of the study with the approach of pragmatic-discourse, especiallyspeech act theory, and emotions. The data were taken from the website posted by WashingtonPost in terms of the 1st-3rd full transcripts of the 2016 US Presidential Debates. There weresome steps to do in doing the research, namely collecting the data, classifying them into somesub-types of the Expressive speech acts and types of basic emotions. Then, the writer analyzedthe collecting data with theories related to the purpose of the research, interpreted, discussed theresults and drawn a conclusion.The results of this study were divided into two parts. Firstly, the writer found five typesof expressive speech acts, they are thanking, greeting, complimenting, wishing, and apologizing.The most expressive speech act used by candidates is types of speech act of complimenting.Complimenting means showing the speaker feelings or attitude and also showing approval orcommendation to the hearer that has done something. In speech act of complimenting, Clintontends to express her compliment reflected to other person such as to Obama and his wife,Abraham Lincoln, American government, and her husband. Differed from Clinton, Trump tendsto express his praising for himself. It also occurs in types of speech act of wishing, Clinton tendsto express her wishing to society that she wants to be elected, voted, and choose as US President.Meanwhile, Trump tends to express his wishing not to vote him as president. The writer tends tosay that he was very confident that he will be the US President 2016. In the speech act ofthanking, the writer found Clinton used thanking as expressing her gratitude in positive feelingsfor example when she gives appreciation to audience that deliver the question to her. But, Trumpseems expressing his gratitude in terms of negative feelings when he said thank you to Clintonthat she has done a mistake. In the speech act of greeting and apologizing, the candidatessimilarly expressed those types of expressive speech act.Furthermore, both candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump frequently expressedtypes of speech act of expressive by using direct strategy. For example, in speech act of thanking,the form to express gratitude such as thank you, thanks a lot, thank you very much. In the speechact of apologizing the forms are I'm sorry, I apologize, and excuse me. Speech act ofcomplimenting, the candidates often used forms of praising such as good job, grea, wonderful,and etc.Secondly, the writer found four primary basic emotions in term of Love, Joy, Anger andSadness. Clinton tends to express emotion of Love in scope of liking, caring, adoration, and Joyin terms of pride, hope, and optimism. Clinton tend to express emotion of hope, it means afeeling of want a something to happen or to be true. Meanwhile, Trump tends to express angeremotion (disgust, scorn, and annoyance) in responding and giving comments towards HillaryClinton's statements. For example, when he delivered his gratitude to Clinton as implicitly,Trump expressed the emotion of scorn because the gratitude that he delivered to Clinton tendexpress the negative feelings.In The 2016 US presidential election, there are two parties involved, they are Democraticand Republican. Democratic belongs to Hillary Clinton and Republican is represented DonaldTrump. Both of candidates were the strongest candidates in delivery their vision and missions.And, the candidates also criticized the government and the opponent in order to provide amotivation and encouragement for the people or society to do something. Clinton and Trump hadstrong opinions, but different emotional expressions and character. Finally, the writer canconclude that every word used by the two candidates expressed the basic emotions depend on thecontexts that influence them speaking whether linguistic, epistemic, physical or social andcultural contexts. For further research, the study can be done in terms of a representative ofideology and power of the two candidates reflected through the words use during the presidentialdebates or speeches.Keywords: expressive speech acts, direct and indirect strategy, basic emotions
