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This article argues that high-stakes educational testing, along with the attendant questions of power, education access, education management and social selection, cannot be considered in isolation from society at large. Thus, high-stakes testing practices bear numerous implications for democratic conditions in society. For decades, advocates of high-stakes educational testing have argued that testing would result in meritocracy, ensuring that everyone would be afforded the same opportunities to find success in adulthood. Examined from a critical perspective, however, we learn that testing is also extremely well designed as a bulwark against opposing or alternative outlooks and opinions, because testing is a complex tool requiring highly specialised knowledge to administer effectively. This article sets out to investigate the relation between high-stakes educational testing and democracy drawn from the experiences of 20th-century high-stakes educational testing practices in the Danish history of education. Among other things, the article concludes that a combination of different evaluation technologies – some formative and some summative – might be the safest way to go from a democratic perspective.

1.Introduction: Global governance of education and the OECD, UNESCO, World Bank Nexus -- 2. Pre-World War II precursors of the global education governance architecture -- 3. Educational planning in developing countries -- 4. The turbulence of statistics in education -- 5. Lifelong learning: A humanistic counter-perspective -- 6. Revolving doors – Social network analysis of the OECD, UNESCO, World Bank nexus -- 7. Conclusion: The contemporary agendas.

Preface -- 1. Studying the cultivation of excellence and talent in education -- 2. Education and talent in an international, conceptual history perspective -- 3. Talent and educational differentiation in Denmark -- 4. Talent class activities in a Danish school context; 5. Identification and classification of the talented students -- 6. Teaching in the talent classes -- 7. Policy perceptions of talent activities among local teachers -- 8. Excellence, Talent and Education in a Global Perspective -- 9. Concluding discussion.

Testing is a technological tool best addressed from within society at large, along with attendant questions of power, education access, education management, and social selection, rather than as an object to be treated in isolation. It has been argued that modern societies, in keeping with the increased division of labour, are dependent on some form of selection system to establish criteria of human worth. In a democratic society, such a selection system must be granted legitimacy in terms of objectivity, fairness, and justice to determine which individuals are allowed access to various positions in society. Introducing a high-stakes testing practice, in this respect, is linked with imaginaries of the public good, which can be understood as a justifying referent for governing. This chapter investigates the discourses surrounding the launch of key high-stakes testing practices in the United States and Scotland. The chapter employs a comparative methodological design to identify contrasts and recurrences. The sources used are policy documents, newspaper articles, and minutes from parliamentary debates. The chapter concludes that, while the values of the public good seem to be a shared experience of the two case countries, their political priorities differ. Scotland is oriented towards traditional social democratic welfare state values, arguing its links and commonalities with the Scandinavian and Baltic states. The United States, on the other hand, has largely embraced the neoliberal economic and social paradigm, which has meant the continual erosion of structural state support for social well-being in favour of market mechanisms.

In this article, we argue that an understanding of the interwar years and the ascent of educational psychology contribute valuable knowledge about the inner workings of modern-day education with regard to the links between society and education in general and the boundary between normality and deviation in particular. The esta- blishment of the educational psychologist's office at Frederiksberg in Denmark, the introduction of IQ testing, and the related psychological files of students provide an image of a period of measurement in schools during which IQ testing was decisive in decisions to transfer students to the remedial school. The testing and filing were the foremost im-portant technologies of the period. We draw on sources that allow us to view educational psychol-ogy and testing in their local, national, and political context. The sources applied are primarily obtained from Frederiksberg City Archive that contains archives from the Educational Psychology Office.

In this article, we argue that an understanding of the interwar years and the ascent of educational psychology contribute valuable knowledge about the inner workings of modern-day education with regard to the links between society and education in general and the boundary between normality and deviation in particular. The establishment of the educational psychologist's office at Frederiksberg in Denmark, the introduction of IQ testing, and the related psychological files of students provide an image of a period of measurement in schools during which IQ testing was decisive in decisions to transfer students to the remedial school. The testing and filing were the foremost important technologies of the period. We draw on sources that allow us to view educational psychology and testing in their local, national, and political context. The sources applied are primarily obtained from Frederiksberg City Archive that contains archives from the Educational Psychology Office.

Post-crisis perspectives refer to scenarios after a crisis, possible options of dealing with them, and the importance for defining these scenarios. This anthology seeks to identify paths and perspectives that go beyond the contemporary economic crisis. In searching for a post-crisis perspective it is necessary to deduce how the world/society/economics/institutions could/should be set up/organized on the other side of the economic crisis. What are the viable lines of continuation and stability? Which functions are beneficial and which are not? How should we think about money, debt, institutions

In 2012 the Danish Parliament passed legislation mandating that 96% of all students in compulsory public education attend regular classes. This target generally led to severe strains within local education authorities in Denmark. Civil servants, school principals, and teachers experienced inclusive education as a challenge rather than as an opportunity. In 2015 a municipality in Northern Jutland even decided to increase the target to 97% of all students. This article analyses the process and challenges of how inclusive education policies in this particular municipality were implemented and enacted between 2015 and 2019. Drawing on qualitative data, the article maps the discourse surrounding inclusive education and the organizational interactions between three levels of the local education authority: the political level, the civil servant level, and the local school level. The concluding discussion reports the findings and sheds light on the local challenges of organizational change in terms of inclusive education policies.

This paper focuses on primary education accountability as a concept and as an organizational practice in the history of Danish public education. Contemporary studies of education policy often address questions of accountability, but the manifestations of school accountability differ significantly between different national settings. Furthermore, accountability measures and practices have an impact on both the ways and means by which societies approach their educational systems. Hence there is a need to clarify the characteristics and traits connected with the concept. One way of approaching this endeavor is to turn to the history of education, because the discourse and practice of accountability incorporates numerous historical antecedents, technologies, and arguments. Based on primary as well as secondary sources this article presents the case of Denmark, analyzing the period from 1660 to the present. The article is analytically divided into four chapters, one treating the period of absolute monarchy, from 1660 to 1849; one treating the era of the nation state, from 1849 to 1933; one treating the welfare state, from 1933 to 1990; and one treating the era of globalization and the marketization of education, from 1990 to the present. The key analytical findings are that changing forms of government are reflected in accountability practices and accountability practices exert strong disciplining effects. ; Este artículo se centra en los modelos de responsabilidad académica en la educación primaria como concepto y como práctica organizativa en la historia de la educación pública danesa. Estudios de políticas educativas contemporáneas a menudo abordan cuestiones de responsabilidad académica, pero las manifestaciones de la responsabilidad escolar difieren significativamente entre los diferentes contextos nacionales. Además, las medidas y las prácticas de rendición de cuentas afectan las formas y medios por los cuales las sociedades se acercan a sus sistemas educativos. Por lo tanto, hay una necesidad de clarificar las características y funciones relacionadas con el concepto. Una forma de abordar este esfuerzo es volver a la historia de la educación, debido a que el discurso y la práctica de los modelos de responsabilidad académica incorporan numerosos antecedentes históricos, tecnologías y argumentos. Sobre la base de fuentes primarias y fuentes secundarias este artículo presenta el caso de Dinamarca, en el período comprendido entre 1660 hasta el presente. El artículo está dividido analíticamente en cuatro capítulos, uno sobre el período de la monarquía absoluta, 1660-1849; uno que se ocupa de la era del Estado-nación, 1849-1933; uno que se ocupa el Estado de Bienestar, 1933-1990; y uno que explora la era de la globalización y la mercantilización de la educación desde 1990 hasta la actualidad. Los principales resultados de los análisis son que el cambio de las formas de gobierno se reflejan en las prácticas de responsabilidad académica y ejercen fuertes efectos disciplinadores. ; Esse artigo centra-se nos modelos de responsabilização acadêmica na educação primária como conceito e como uma prática organizacional na história da educação pública dinamarquesa. Estudos contemporâneos sobre política educacional frequentemente abordam questões de responsabilização acadêmica, mas as manifestações de responsabilização das escolas diferem significativamente entre os diferentes contextos nacionais. Além disso, medidas e práticas de responsabilização têm impacto nos modos e nos meios pelos quais as sociedades se aproximam seus sistemas educacionais. Portanto, existe uma necessidade de clarificar as características e traços relacionados com o conceito. Uma maneira de abordar este esforço é voltar à história da educação, porque o discurso e a prática dos modelos de responsabilização incorpora inúmeros antecedentes históricos, tecnologias e argumentos. Com base em fontes primárias, bem como fontes secundárias este artigo apresenta o caso da Dinamarca, no período de 1660 até o presente. O artigo é analiticamente dividido em quatro capítulos, um que trata do período da monarquia absoluta, de 1660 a 1849; um que aborda a era do Estado-nação, de 1849a 1933; um que trata do Estado-Providência, de 1933 a 1990; e um que explora a era da globalização e da mercantilização da educação, de 1990 até o presente. Os principais resultados analíticos são que a mudança de formas de governo se refletem nas práticas de responsabilização acadêmica e que estas exercem fortes efeitos disciplinadores.