Suchergebnisse

We examine the mode of international expansion as an equilibrium governance contract between home country and host country factor owner. The focus is on agency costs, a form of transactions costs. Two phenomena are shown to be related to the agency costs imposed by factor owners: (i) the choice of different modes of international expansion by one firm in different locations, and (ii) the simultaneous occurrence of several forms of foreign involvement in the same location. We attempt to characterize the dynamic relationship between the mode of an offshore operation and changes in factor market conditions that affect agency costs.

ABSTRACTTransferring technology to an economy characterized by tight government controls and/or central planning is problematic because the lack of competition in goods markets and inadequacies in the markets for workers and managers combine to weaken the incentive structure and reduce the information flow. After examining these issues from the viewpoint of the supplier of technology this paper develops a number of hypotheses which suggest that buy‐back may be a helpful means to alleviate the resulting difficulties.RésuméLes transferts de technologie à une economie carac‐térisée par des contrǒles gouvernementaux serrés et/ou par la planification centralisée sont problématiques parce que l'absence de concurrence sur les marchés des produits manufacturés s'ajoute aux insuffisances des marchés tant pour le personnel que pour la direction pour affaiblir le système des primes de rendement et ralentir la diffusion de l'information. Après avoir examiné ces questions du point de vue de celui qui fournit la technologie, ce papier émet un certain nombre d'hypothèses qui suggèrent que le rachat (buy‐back) pourrait ětre un moyen utile d'alléger les difficultés qui en résultent.

New and small firms in expanding markets / Paul D. Reynolds -- Reconfiguring the boundaries of international business activity / John H. Dunning -- The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises / Zolton J. Acs [and others] -- Alliance strategies of small firms / Benjamin Gomes-Casseres -- Small firms as international players / Tomás O. Kohn -- Exploration of technological diversity and geographical localization in innovation / Paul Almeida and Bruce Kogut -- The production transfer, and spillover of technology: comparing large and small multinationals as technology producers / Lorraine Eden, Edward Levitas, and Richard J. Martinez -- International technology transfer by small and medium-sized enterprises / Peter J. Buckley -- Conclusion: small and medium-sized enterprises in the global economy / Zoltan J. Acs and Bernard Yeung

Asia's economic significance has risen substantially over the past several decades. Further economic development in ASEAN, with its massive population, requires very efficient utilization of resources and cross-border cooperation. While ASEAN has much to gain from economic cooperation and integration, it faces non-trivial growth and integration barriers: (i) an infrastructure development gap; (ii) an education gap; and (iii) a market institutions gap, especially in financial sectors, which is very much related to governance issues such as government inefficiency and policy ineffectiveness. The paper offers an overall perspective on maintaining sustainable and inclusive development in ASEAN - the broad trend and the barriers. Three lessons emerge for ASEAN to seize the economic opportunities. First, the governments can gain great mileage in sustainable development from building sound market institutions, catering to financial and economic stability, and establishing sound health care and redistribution programs. Second, governments should promote deeper regional economic integration, invest in digital infrastructure and wireless access, and invest in training workers and companies to tune into the virtual technology. They should partner with the private sector to multiply the gains from the opportunities arising from crises. Finally, governments should embrace digital−IOT−AI technology while considering strategies to address the associated challenges.