Suchergebnisse

本文首先透由〈立李皇后制〉一文,予以探討宋廷對於皇后所應具備之美德的期待,發現李后非以德行致后位,實憑藉政治聯姻與政治神話所賜。其次,透過文本、書寫者及其時代間之比較,發現今日所見李后於紹熙政治事件之影響,雖於宋代的《四朝聞見錄》已有論述,但其「善妒殺人」、「不順父母」等行徑,實奠基於宋元之際周密的《齊東野語》,復經元末成書之《宋史.李皇后傳》沿用其說,成為李后形象與記載之定型。而明代《西湖二集.李鳳娘酷妒遭天譴》所添加之「冤魂索命」情節,具有鮮明的時代特色,及對婦人失德亂家的不認同。本文不單顯示了宋元之際士大夫用以規範理想社會秩序之論說,可透由李后這個反面教材得到力證;另從李后事蹟歷經宋、元、明三代之篩選、增刪,最終成形之過程,更可證明女性禮教規範有逐漸轉強之趨勢。 ; Through the study of "Li Li Huanghou Zhi" (〈立李皇后制〉)the author found the high expectation of Song officials and scholars towards the Empress moral standards. However, Li Feng-Niang(李鳳娘)was honoured as a queen was because of a political marriage and political myth, but not her ethics. In addition, Sichao Wenjian Lu (《四朝聞見錄》)initially recorded the political impact of Li Feng-Niang. However, the records of murder, because of her jealousy and disobeying her parents, were first seen in Qidong Yeyu (《齊東野語》). Until Song Shi 《宋 史》copied the record of Qidong Yeyu, the image of Li Feng-Niang was fixed. In the Ming dynasty, Xihu Erji(《西湖二集》)added circumstances about the reveng of resentful spirits to the story of Li Feng Niang. This circumstance reflected the women's view in the Ming dynasty. This article not only shows that ethical ideas of scholars of the period between the Song and Yuan dynasties, who tried to maintain social order, but is also proof that the regulation of female ethics become tougher from the Song dynasty to the Ming dynasty.

本文以《宋史.高宗憲聖慈烈吳皇后傳》所記載之吳后生平為研究核心,並以傳記中之天命思想與婦德實踐二條脈絡為切入點,分別探討以下二部分:第一部分以史料所載吳后之出身背景,研究史官以夢兆與降生異象書寫其出生之事,乃因吳后出身卑微,加上南宋中興之際的動盪,故必須製造出順天承命的神話,以鞏固統治有關。另旁及其入宮時間發現並未遭到竄改;第二部分以宋代要求之婦德、婦教為佐,討論其身為高宗之正妻,如何護衛、輔佐高宗與侍奉韋太后,最後以婦德作為當時社會婦女的懿範。據此,可發現《宋史》史官將宋代天命思想之展現和對女子德行之要求,於吳后身上獲得完美之體現。 ; This paper is based on the biography of Empress Wu, which discusses the Heaven Decree ideas and Feminine Virtues in Song's Biographies. The paper has been divided into two sections: Firstly, Empress Wu was a humble being before she married Emperor (Song Gao-zong 宋高宗). After the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed, the government of the Southern Song Dynasty tried to consolidate the national politics. They made a mythical legend out of or the sign of Heaven Decree to Wu when she became an empress; therefore, Wu obtains a fabulous mythical legend background in the biography written about her. Second, the Song Dynasty was particular about Feminine Virtues. Moreover, Empress Wu, helped the emperor to prove her feminine virtues. Through this application, it has been proven that historians have given a positive Feminine Virtue image and Heaven Decree ideologies to Empress Wu.

Internationally, vaccine pricing is relatively opaque, although many low- or lower-middle-income countries belong to international consortiums that jointly procure vaccines. China procures vaccines domestically, and vaccines that require payment from the public ("category 2 vaccines"), have undergone several regulatory changes over the past 15 years. This study aims to describe the vaccine procurement method changes in China since 2005 and to analyze how the procurement method impacted vaccine price. This review of vaccine procurement reforms found that a shift to provincial-level Group Purchasing Organizations after 2016 was accompanied by an increase in most prices. There was more variability in vaccine prices across provinces for vaccines with only one supplier, and these vaccines have a higher price than what is found in United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)-supported countries. China's current procurement system for non-mandatory vaccines leaves these vaccines costing several-fold more than in other countries, and in particular those supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Exploring a variety of methods to reduce vaccine purchase prices will not only directly benefit the general population, but also the government, as they aim to implement more programs to benefit public health in a cost-effective manner.