Although there are many types of transportation used in foreign trade, maritime transportation is great importance. In the globalizing world, the foreign trades between countries have started to become more common and maritime transport has become one of the main actors. Transportation demand increases in this area even more the fact that it is a cheaper, reliable and environmentally friendly. However, economic crises in the world and increases in sea freight prices can affect maritime transport. This situation can affect not only maritime transport but also the economic situation of countries. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between gross domestic product (GDP) and maritime exports, maritime imports and the construction sector (which is one of the most important economic dynamics of the country), due to the decline in maritime transport in Turkey in recent years. The data for the last years used in the research were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). The stationarity levels of the data were analyzed with unit root statistics tests. Since all series are stationary at I(1) level, Granger causality method is preferred. As a result, GDP is the Granger cause of maritime exports, maritime imports and the construction industry but no correlation could be established between maritime imports with other data. Also, the construction industry is the Granger cause of maritime exports.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, "Yönetim Fonksiyonları" ve "İnsan Kaynakları Fonksiyonları" doktrinleri ile birlikte derinlemesine ve titiz bir literatür taraması yardımıyla yetenek yönetimi fonksiyonları kavramını geniş bir şekilde tanımlamak ve kavramsallaştırmaktır. Bu çalışmada, yedi temel yetenek yönetimi fonksiyonunu belirlemek için nitel içerik analizi ile desteklenen sistematik bir literatür taraması uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, YY sistemi altında daha önce literatürde ele alınan, ancak yetenek yönetimi fonksiyonları olarak etiketlenmemiş ve kavramsallaştırılmamış yedi temel fonksiyon bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Yetenek yönetim sistemini birlikte yapılandıran, birbirini etkileyen ve bir döngü olarak işleyen bu yedi temel fonksiyon (yetenek planlama, yetenek belirleme, yetenek çekme, yetenek edinme, yetenek geliştirme, yetenek yerleştirme, yetenek tutma) iş hedeflerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde kullanılabilecek etkin silahlardır (Örn. gelişmiş firma performansı ve sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı). Yetenek yönetimi (YY) henüz genç ve gelişmekte olan bir alandır. Bu alanın gelişimi ve bir disiplin olarak tanınması için daha fazla kavramsal çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu benzersiz çalışma, YY fonksiyonlarını ele alan ve kapsamlı bir şekilde tanımlayan ilk denemelerden biridir.
The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min-max: 1-13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.
In: Hodnik , J J , Acinger-Rogić , Ž , Alishani , M , Autio , T , Balseiro , A , Berezowski , JAB , Carmo , L P , Chaligiannis , I , Conrady , B , Costa , L , Cvetkovikj , I , Davidov , I , Dispas , M , Djadjovski , I , Duarte , E L , Faverjon , C , Fourichon , C , Frössling , J , Gerilovych , A , Gethmann , J , Gomes , J , Graham , D A , Guelbenzu Gonzalo , M , Gunn , GJ , Henry , MK , Hopp , P , Houe , H , Irimia , E , Ježek , J , Juste , R , Kalaitzakis , E , Kaler , J , Kaplan , S , Kostoulas , P , Kovalenko , K , Knezevic , N , Knific , T , Koleci , X , Madouasse , A , Sciences , A , Mandelík , R , Meletis , E , Mincu , M , Mõtus , K , Munoz-Gomez , V , Niculae , M , Ocepek , M , Opsal Tangen , M , Ózsvári , L , Papadopoulos , D , Papadopoulos , T , Pelkonen , S , Polak , M P , Pozzato , N , Rapaliute , E , Ribbens , S , Niza-Ribeiro , J J R , Rosenbaum-Nielsen , L , Sáez , J L , Nielsen , S S , van Schaik , G , Schwan , E , Sekovska , B , Ljubljana , F O V M U , Strain , S , Satran , P , Seric Haracic , S , Tamminen , L-M , Thulke , H H , Toplak , I , Tuunainen , E , Verner , S , Vilcek , S , Yildiz , R & Santman-Berends , I MGA 2021 , ' Overview of cattle diseases listed under category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law (AHL) for which control programmes are in place within Europe ' , Frontiers in Veterinary Science , vol. 8 , 688078 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.688078
The COST action "Standardizing output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)", aims to harmonize the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min-max: 1-13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardizing of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.
The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.