Suchergebnisse

Since the early 1970s, when income distribution became an
operative objective of economic development (Chenery et al. 1974),
knowledge on the subject has certainly improved. A number of analytical
treatises have focused on the issue Pen (1971), Atkinson (1970), Cline
(1975) and, more important, data on income distribution are routinely
reported for about a score of developing countries (LDCs) and as many
developed countries (Des) World Bank (1986), Jain (1975), Paukert
(1973). These data deal with the within-country relative income
distribution and report one or more of the common inequality measures.
Moreover, for some countries measures of absolute poverty exist which
report, e.g., the population that lives below a "poverty level", defmed
in terms of consumption (calories) or income (for example, Dandekar and
Rath (1971), Bardhan (1970), (1973), Fishlow (1972). Such measures of
absolute poverty, if aggregated over a number of countries, give a
measure of relative world poverty and an idea of how it is distributed
between- countries. Cross-country comparisons have also been based on
ranking various countries on the basis of their measures of relative
income distribution.

The first and second generation economic demographic models
concentrated on the consequences of population growth. These were judged
negative in the former, or possibly having some positive Kuznetsian
effects in the latter. The proposed third-generation model examines
conjointly both consequences and determinants of population growth, and
analyzes them at the level of the agricultural household. In such a
model the effects of population growth on agricultural development
cannot be determined a priori but become the subject of empirical
investigation.

This book deals with the 'what' and 'how' but primarily with 'why' globalization has most often negative outcomes for developing countries. It breaks new ground in approaching globalization not only as trade commodities, but also as trade in positional

A Philippine sample of agricultural households is studied by I
subjective equilibrium model which also accounts for the household's
demographic structure. The model becomes a potent tool for integrating
the economic and demographic behaviour of the household, since issues
such as the value of children can be approached in a reality
maximization framework and furthermore, such values call be causally
rellted to the variance in measured fertility among different households
(or Socioeconomic groups). For example, the low marginal productivity
contribution of children in tenant (and small farm-size) households,
along with the low fertility control that prevails there, has been
combined In conforming the inverse fertility-endowments hypothesis,
which in this instance is based on labour market failure in periods of
peak agricultural labour demand. On the consumption side, on the other
hand, the demand for leisure and for other commodities is consistent
with the higher valuation of children, and thus higher fertility, in
tenant (and small farm-size) households, as compared to owner (and large
farm-size) households. The policy implications of such findings from a
household equilibrium model are rich.