Suchergebnisse

Frontier poetry is the specific literature of the Tang Dynasty era. It tells about military campaigns against the enemies of China. It depicts the whole life world of the defenders of the country, for instance their exploits and everyday life, everyday features, feelings and emotions. A characteristic feature of this poetry is the borrowing of facts and plots from historical writings about the past of the empire to describe the events of the Tang time proper. All these characteristic features of frontier poetry are analyzed on the example of the poem of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.

The emergence of the Great Silk Road was associated with China's westward expansion under the Han and Tang dynasties. Under the Tang dynasty western frontiers of Celestial Empire were settled, and Chinese order and culture were established in the new lands included into the empire. At the same time and in the same place, a specific literature of this era, frontier poetry, appeared. From these poems one can obtain indirect information about the Great Silk Road and the lands around it.

Abstract
In a world buffeted by chaos emanating from the power transition between the USA and China, the behaviour patterns of a rising power carry considerable significance. This article explains a rising power's choice of policies towards small states and why it adopts them. We then test the competing "power" and "culture" hypotheses by analysing asymmetric interactions during the "power transition" between the Turkic/Eastern Turkic Khanate and Sui-Tang China. The policies of Sui-Tang China towards Tuyuhun, Koguryo, and the Serindian oasis city-states confirm the materialist logic whereby it is the power balance between the major powers that determines a rising power's strategic tendency when confronting the hegemon and which, in turn, generates the overall approaches of its policies towards small countries. However, the most-similar sub-cases invalidate the cultural affinity hypothesis. The study undermines the Chinese exceptionalism argument through its provision of a causal chain connecting great-power relations and asymmetric relations. Our findings suggest that, prior to overtaking the USA, China will maintain a defensive posture towards the USA and adopt moderate policies towards lesser nations.

Many countries encourage brownfield regeneration as a means of sustainable development but define "brownfield" differently. Specifically, the definitions of brownfield in the regeneration policies of countries with higher population densities usually promote recycling land that is previously developed, whether or not there is chemical contamination. Further, the de facto definition of brownfield used by the UK government focuses on previously developed land that is unused or underused. The ANOVA in this study revealed that local authorities in England (n = 296) with higher percentages of derelict and vacant land tended to be more deprived based on the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation, which evaluate deprivation from the aspects of income, employment, health, education, housing, crime, and living environment. However, the percentage of previously developed land in use but with further development potential had no significant effect on the deprivation conditions. The Blair-Brown Government (1997~2010) encouraged more than 60% of new dwellings to be established on the previously developed land in England. The analyses in this study showed that this target, combined with the definition of brownfield in the policy, may have facilitated higher densities of residential development on previously developed land but without addressing the deprivation problems. These observations indicate that a definition of brownfield in regeneration policies should focus on previously developed land that is now vacant or derelict if land recycling is to contribute to sustainable communities.

Many countries encourage brownfield regeneration as a means of sustainable development but define "brownfield" differently. Specifically, the definitions of brownfield in the regeneration policies of countries with higher population densities usually promote recycling land that is previously developed, whether or not there is chemical contamination. Further, the de facto definition of brownfield used by the UK government focuses on previously developed land that is unused or underused. The ANOVA in this study revealed that local authorities in England (n = 296) with higher percentages of derelict and vacant land tended to be more deprived based on the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation, which evaluate deprivation from the aspects of income, employment, health, education, housing, crime, and living environment. However, the percentage of previously developed land in use but with further development potential had no significant effect on the deprivation conditions. The Blair-Brown Government (1997~2010) encouraged more than 60% of new dwellings to be established on the previously developed land in England. The analyses in this study showed that this target, combined with the definition of brownfield in the policy, may have facilitated higher densities of residential development on previously developed land but without addressing the deprivation problems. These observations indicate that a definition of brownfield in regeneration policies should focus on previously developed land that is now vacant or derelict if land recycling is to contribute to sustainable communities.

Based on a public opinion survey in 10 major cities in 2013, this study analyses the relationships between satisfaction of public policy and various geographic, demographic and social factors. It shows that urban Chinese citizens are generally satisfied with national policies, and less satisfied with local and life-related policies. The Chinese government needs to focus on Chinese urban residents' political activism and establish better formal institutions to improve its governance and deal with social instability.

Abstract
This report collects all the keywords that have appeared in the International Journal of Taiwan Studies since its first issue in February 2018. The authors use these keywords and resulting word clouds to reflect on the current state of Taiwan-related research. We find that publications are still heavily dominated by cross-Strait-related topics and that, despite the aspiration of putting Taiwan in a comparative perspective, the results have so far been relatively limited. We suggest including more topical sections in future issues as one way to diversify the interdisciplinary and comparative scope of the journal.