Suchergebnisse

Animal rights at the international level have been defined in the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, which has become a guiding principle for many EU countries in shaping animal protection legislation. The subject of this article is the humane protection of homeless animals, which is the responsibility of the municipality in terms of maintaining cleanliness and order. The study assumes that by carrying out tasks regarding the protection of animals from homelessness, municipalities contribute to the effective protection of animals by providing them with appropriate care. The analysis found that the provisions of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare have been fully incorporated into Polish legislation. However, the effectiveness of the provisions on the protection of homeless animals executed by municipalities is not entirely satisfactory as evidenced by the post-inspection data and selected jurisprudence. In order to improve this state of affairs, the following de lege ferenda postulates were formulated, which in part are also guidelines of the Supreme Audit Office extending the catalog of activities in municipal homeless animal protection programs, introducing the requirement to inspect animal shelters by municipalities, changing the location requirements of animal shelters and also clarifying sanitary requirements concerning the conditions in which animals live in to improve their welfare. The above changes in legislation may contribute to more efficient humane protection of homeless animals in Poland and may serve as an example for other EU countries. ; Prawa zwierząt na forum międzynarodowym zostały określone w Światowej Deklaracji Praw Zwierząt, która stała się wytyczną dla wielu państw Unii Europejskiej (UE) w kształtowaniu przepisów w zakresie ochrony zwierząt. Przedmiotem analizy niniejszego artykułu jest humanitarna ochrona zwierząt bezdomnych, która jest obowiązkiem gminy w ramach utrzymania czystości i porządku. W pracy założono, że realizując zadania w zakresie ochrony zwierząt przed bezdomnością, gminy przyczyniają się do ich efektywnej ochrony poprzez zapewnienie im odpowiedniej opieki. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy stwierdzono, że w pełni wprowadzono postanowienia Światowej Deklaracji Praw Zwierząt do prawodawstwa polskiego, jednakże skuteczność przepisów w zakresie ochrony zwierząt bezdomnych przez gminy nie jest do końca skuteczna, czego potwierdzeniem są dane pokontrolne i wybrane orzecznictwo. W celu poprawy tego stanu sformułowano postulaty de lege ferenda, będące częściowo również wytycznymi Najwyższej Izby Kontroli, a mianowicie rozszerzenie katalogu działań w gminnych programach ochrony zwierząt bezdomnych, wprowadzenie wymogu kontroli schronisk dla zwierząt przez gminy, zmianę wymogów lokalizacyjnych schronisk dla zwierząt, a także doprecyzowanie wymogów sanitarnych dotyczących warunków bytowania zwierząt w schroniskach dla poprawy ich dobrostanu. Powyższe zmiany w prawodawstwie mogą przyczynić się do bardziej efektywnej humanitarnej ochrony zwierząt bezdomnych w Polsce oraz mogą być wskazówką dla innych państw UE.

The European Union International Organization for Standardization management system for the environment (ISO 14001) is established by European Commission Regulation 1221/2009. This legislates a voluntary system where organizations can register in a community eco-management and audit scheme. In the literature, this standard is recognized as an instrument of international environmental protection law, introduced by soft law regulations. ISO 14001 has been implemented by many global and European organizations, and it strives to improve the quality of their environmental resources. It was considered that the ISO 14001 eco-management and audit scheme enforced protection of environment in EU countries by imposing the obligation to implement appropriate legal regulations in this area. This article aims is determine what legal solutions in chosen UE countries enable the effective implementation of ISO 14001 and what positive effects it has on the state of the environment in these countries. The results demonstrated that the number of certified organizations is increasing despite the many difficulties and costs of implementing and organizing required environmental protection areas. The implementation of ISO 14001 was described using the example of Poland and Italy compared to other EU countries. The uptake identifies improved environmental quality, and this is confirmed by indicators of decreasing gas emissions and increasing waste recycling which improve global air, soil and water quality. The higher implementation index of the ISO 14001 standard in Italy translates into higher environmental quality indicators in this country than in Poland.

The European Union International Organization for Standardization management system for the environment (ISO 14001) is established by European Commission Regulation 1221/2009. This legislates a voluntary system where organizations can register in a community eco-management and audit scheme. In the literature, this standard is recognized as an instrument of international environmental protection law, introduced by soft law regulations. ISO 14001 has been implemented by many global and European organizations, and it strives to improve the quality of their environmental resources. It was considered that the ISO 14001 eco-management and audit scheme enforced protection of environment in EU countries by imposing the obligation to implement appropriate legal regulations in this area. This article aims is determine what legal solutions in chosen UE countries enable the effective implementation of ISO 14001 and what positive effects it has on the state of the environment in these countries. The results demonstrated that the number of certified organizations is increasing despite the many difficulties and costs of implementing and organizing required environmental protection areas. The implementation of ISO 14001 was described using the example of Poland and Italy compared to other EU countries. The uptake identifies improved environmental quality, and this is confirmed by indicators of decreasing gas emissions and increasing waste recycling which improve global air, soil and water quality. The higher implementation index of the ISO 14001 standard in Italy translates into higher environmental quality indicators in this country than in Poland. ; The European Union International Organization for Standardization management system for the environment (ISO 14001) is established by European Commission Regulation 1221/2009. This legislates a voluntary system where organizations can register in a community eco-management and audit scheme. In the literature, this standard is recognized as an instrument of international environmental protection law, introduced by soft law regulations. ISO 14001 has been implemented by many global and European organizations, and it strives to improve the quality of their environmental resources. It was considered that the ISO 14001 eco-management and audit scheme enforced protection of environment in EU countries by imposing the obligation to implement appropriate legal regulations in this area. This article aims is determine what legal solutions in chosen UE countries enable the effective implementation of ISO 14001 and what positive effects it has on the state of the environment in these countries. The results demonstrated that the number of certified organizations is increasing despite the many difficulties and costs of implementing and organizing required environmental protection areas. The implementation of ISO 14001 was described using the example of Poland and Italy compared to other EU countries. The uptake identifies improved environmental quality, and this is confirmed by indicators of decreasing gas emissions and increasing waste recycling which improve global air, soil and water quality. The higher implementation index of the ISO 14001 standard in Italy translates into higher environmental quality indicators in this country than in Poland.

The European Union International Organization for Standardization management system for the environment (ISO 14001) is established by European Commission Regulation 1221/2009. This legislates a voluntary system where organizations can register in a community eco-management and audit scheme. In the literature, this standard is recognized as an instrument of international environmental protection law, introduced by soft law regulations. ISO 14001 has been implemented by many global and European organizations, and it strives to improve the quality of their environmental resources. It was considered that the ISO 14001 eco-management and audit scheme enforced protection of environment in EU countries by imposing the obligation to implement appropriate legal regulations in this area. This article aims is determine what legal solutions in chosen UE countries enable the effective implementation of ISO 14001 and what positive effects it has on the state of the environment in these countries. The results demonstrated that the number of certified organizations is increasing despite the many difficulties and costs of implementing and organizing required environmental protection areas. The implementation of ISO 14001 was described using the example of Poland and Italy compared to other EU countries. The uptake identifies improved environmental quality, and this is confirmed by indicators of decreasing gas emissions and increasing waste recycling which improve global air, soil and water quality. The higher implementation index of the ISO 14001 standard in Italy translates into higher environmental quality indicators in this country than in Poland.

Food waste is a global problem, one that has moved up the public and political agenda in recent years. Food is at the core of the United Nations' (UN) 'Sustainable Development Goals'. Food waste prevention is also highlighted as a priority area in the '2015 Circular Economy Package'. Food waste is an important indicator of sustainability because it embodies the sum of resources being used to produce uneaten food, and food waste disposal has an environmental, economic, and social impact. Directive 2018/851 established amendments to the food waste regulatory regime, including the definition of a food waste category and general provisions, which were related to food waste, providing a strong emphasis on waste prevention and the reporting of data in connection with food waste. New EU food waste rules should be implemented at the national level. Comparative research is needed for identifying any potential implementation problems. Such research will be carried out using case studies of Poland and Lithuania.

Environmental criminal law provides for measures targeting the most serious environmental offences and improving the enforceability of environmental provisions. In the article, environmental criminal law provisions in Poland and Russia are analyzed and compared. The changes introduced by the Council Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law have a significant impact on the Member States' criminal law, promoting broader criminalization of environmentally harmful behavior and more severe sanctions. Although the Russian Federation is not an EU member and adopts its environmental legislation, it is still a party to several international treaties and therefore is obligated to provide an adequate level of environmental protection. There are several similarities between the criminal provisions in both countries concerning the classification of environmental crimes and the limbs of their legal definitions. Besides, both countries use a continental model of criminal procedure including their rules on evidence. It allowed us to compare national law enforcement practices. The authors analyze current law enforcement challenges and discuss possible solutions.

This article shows the basic European Union and national regulations with regard to international shipments of waste, such as the Resolution No. 1013/2006 and the Act of 2007 on international shipments of waste
in Poland. Procedures which may decrease the negative infl uence of waste
on the environment, especially during shipments of hazardous waste, play
an important role in this area. For the observance of these procedures, the
penal sanction system is useful because it prevents illegal activities in this
area. However, an analysis of the statistics of the Supreme Chamber of Control and Police shows that the effectiveness of criminal instruments is not
very high. This is evidenced by the low percentage of proceedings under
Article 183 of the Penal Code as well as by the poor detection of offenders,
and despite the increase in the number of convictions imposed by courts
of general jurisdiction, criminal penalties are too lenient.

The article proves that the existing threats to coastal marine areas that are notable for significant vulnerability to human activity require changes in Russian water legislation, which must introduce the category "coastal territories" and clarify the regime of permissions, restrictions and prohibitions within them. This will make it possible to more effectively regulate the economic, environmental and social aspects of the use and protection of the marine environment and coastal areas. For Russian water law, a number of legal structures that are successfully used in Polish water law are of interest, including the allocation of two zones with special legal regime on the coast, environmental planning of the use and protection of the coast and sea waters, as well as a set of measures to ensure sustainable development of coastal areas. ; Članak dokazuje kako su postojeće prijetnje priobalnom morskom području značajne zbog ranjivosti ljudske aktivnosti te traže promjene u ruskom pomorskom zakonodavstvu koje mora uvesti kategoriju "priobalnih područja" i unutar njega pojasniti režim dozvola, ograničenja i zabrana. To će omogućiti učinkovitiju regulaciju ekonomskih, okolišnih i društvenih aspekata korištenja i zaštite morskog okoliša i priobalnih područja. Za rusko pomorsko pravo od interesa je određeni broj pravnih struktura koje su uspješno implementirane u poljsko pomorsko zakonodavstvo, uključujući alokaciju dviju zona u posebnom pravnom režimu na obali, planiranje korištenja i zaštite priobalja i morskih voda, kao i set mjera koje osiguravaju održiv razvoj priobalnih područja.

The article proves that the existing threats to coastal marine areas that are notable for significant vulnerability to human activity require changes in Russian water legislation, which must introduce the category "coastal territories" and clarify the regime of permissions, restrictions and prohibitions within them. This will make it possible to more effectively regulate the economic, environmental and social aspects of the use and protection of the marine environment and coastal areas. For Russian water law, a number of legal structures that are successfully used in Polish water law are of interest, including the allocation of two zones with special legal regime on the coast, environmental planning of the use and protection of the coast and sea waters, as well as a set of measures to ensure sustainable development of coastal areas. ; Članak dokazuje kako su postojeće prijetnje priobalnom morskom području značajne zbog ranjivosti ljudske aktivnosti te traže promjene u ruskom pomorskom zakonodavstvu koje mora uvesti kategoriju "priobalnih područja" i unutar njega pojasniti režim dozvola, ograničenja i zabrana. To će omogućiti učinkovitiju regulaciju ekonomskih, okolišnih i društvenih aspekata korištenja i zaštite morskog okoliša i priobalnih područja. Za rusko pomorsko pravo od interesa je određeni broj pravnih struktura koje su uspješno implementirane u poljsko pomorsko zakonodavstvo, uključujući alokaciju dviju zona u posebnom pravnom režimu na obali, planiranje korištenja i zaštite priobalja i morskih voda, kao i set mjera koje osiguravaju održiv razvoj priobalnih područja. ; In diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, dass die vorhandene Gefährdung der Küstengebiete durch menschliche Tätigkeit verschlimmert wurde, weshalb für die Änderung der russischen Gesetzgebung durch die Einführung der Kategorie der "Küstengebiete" mit einem klarstrukturierten System der Genehmigungen, Beschränkungen und Untersagungen plädiert wird. Dies wird eine wirksame Regulierung der wirtschaftlichen, umweltbetreffenden und Gesellschaftsaspekte und Schutz der Meeresumgebung und Küstengewässergebiete zur Folge haben. Für das russische Seerecht sind einige Regelungen die in der polnischen Seegesetzgebung erfolgreich implementiert wurden besonders interessant, einschließlich der Allokation von zwei Zonen im Sonderregime an der Küste, Planung der Nutzung und Schutz der Küsten- und Meeresgewässer, sowie eine Reihe von Maßnahmen die nachhaltige Entwicklung der Küstengewässergebiete gewährleisten. ; Quest'articolo prova che le esistenti minacce che rendono vulnerabili le aree marine costiere causate dalle attività umane richiedono cambiamenti nella legislazione russa sulle acque, la quale dovrebbe introdurre la categoria dei "territori costieri" e fare chiarezza sul regime dei permessi, delle restrizioni e dei divieti entro di essi. Questo creerà le condizioni per regolare più efficacemente l'economia, gli aspetti ambientali e sociali dell'uso e della protezione degli ambienti marini e delle aree costiere. Per il diritto russo sulle acque, un numero di strutture legali che sono usate con successo nel diritto polacco sulle acque sono di interesse, comprese l'allocazione delle due zone con un regime giuridico speciale sulla costa, la pianificazione ambientale dell'uso e della protezione della costa e delle acque marine, come anche una serie di misure per assicurare uno sviluppo sostenibile dell'area costiera.