Suchergebnisse

Introducción: el presente artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar el estatus laboral de los adultos mayores en América Latina con énfasis en el impacto producido por la COVID-19 en 2020.
Método: se caracterizó la dinámica laboral de las personas mayores de 60 años con encuestas de hogares de siete países de Latinoamérica, las cuales se resumieron con un pseudopanel. Se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para identificar las diferencias entre países, sexo y regiones urbanas y rurales. Se estimaron regresiones por MCO para cuantificar el efecto diferencial existente y, particularmente, el cambio producido en 2020.
Resultados: se identificó una correlación negativa (β = -0.75, p = 0.00) entre la cobertura del ingreso pensional y la participación de las personas mayores en el mercado laboral. Por lo cual, las deficiencias en la seguridad social estarían motivando la permanencia en el trabajo de las personas mayores. Dicha participación se redujo 11 puntos porcentuales (p.p.) entre 2016 y 2020, principalmente Costa Rica, Colombia y Chile, así como en las zonas urbanas y entre los hombres. El desempleo aumentó 1 p.p. de manera especial en las zonas urbanas, y el subempleo se mantuvo invariante.
Conclusiones: las diferencias en la participación laboral están mediadas por roles de género y la estructura económica de los países y de las zonas urbanas y rurales. Se evidencia un deterioro en el estatus socioeconómico que no se compensa con el leve incremento en la cobertura del ingreso pensional. Las mujeres parecen enfrentarse a una mayor exclusión y autoexclusión del mercado laboral.

Context The guanaco is the largest wild herbivore inhabiting the Patagonian steppes. Since the end of the 19th Century, it has suffered a progressive decline in numbers owing to poaching and unregulated hunting because of on an assumed competition with sheep. Unfortunately, there has never been a management program for guanaco populations in Argentine Patagonia. Consequently, the guanaco is still considered a pest species by ranchers and has never been considered profitable in the range management model implemented in Patagonia. Aims The present article updates the distribution limits of guanaco and estimate its abundance across Chubut, a large province of Patagonia, Argentina. The relative effects of several environmental and anthropogenic factors on guanaco distribution are also assessed. Methods Road surveys (7010km) and species distribution modelling were used to build a habitat suitability model and a distribution map. A distance sampling method was used to estimate guanaco population densities and size. The survey effort required to monitor population trends in this region was also calculated. Key results According to the best habitat suitability model, guanaco distribution decreased with altitude and primary productivity, as measured by Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and increased with the distance to the nearest urban centre and oil field. Guanaco distribution showed a clear geographical pattern in Chubut, with low to medium occurrence probability towards the west and higher values towards the east. Guanaco population size was estimated as 657304 individuals (95% CI 457437 to 944059), with a mean density of 2.97 guanacos km–2. Finally, through simulations of guanaco monitoring, it was estimated that an annual survey effort of 10 to thirty 30-km road transects is needed to detect with confidence a significant population decrease or increase over the next 6 or 10 years. Conclusions The habitat suitability map presented herein highlights areas with high guanaco densities in Chubut, where it would be possible to identify ranches suitable for performing profitable herding and shearing experiences. Implications The maps of guanaco distribution and density, as well as the survey effort required to monitor population trends, may be used to inform decisions concerning the sustainable use of this species.

The Lesser Rhea (Rhea pennata pennata) has suffered a marked decline in numbers over recent decades, probably mainly as a result of livestock production and overhunting. Our aim was to investigate the factors that determine the distribution of Lesser Rheas in southern Patagonia and to generate a predictive regional distribution map. We surveyed 8000 km of roads and sighted 795 Lesser Rhea individuals or flocks. We also estimated environmental predictors from remotely sensed data and analysed the occurrence of Lesser Rheas in relation to these predictors. The predictors we examined were associated with four hypotheses explaining the distribution of Lesser Rheas: the persecution by ranchers, primary productivity, topography, and anthropogenic disturbance hypotheses. We built models for each hypothesis. Our results suggest that the distribution of Lesser Rheas is not negatively affected by persecution by ranchers, as the species is more abundant in areas with high stocking levels of sheep, but is positively influenced by primary productivity and negatively by the proximity of human habitation. The resulting distribution map can be used as a management tool for government agencies and highlights the conservation priorities for managing this declining and emblematic species. ; Peer reviewed

Because of the great diversity (28 species) and fragile conservation status (57.1% of species are in threat of extinction) of the terrestrial carnivores of Argentina, we aimed to collect information about the conservation efforts in this country and identify tools to improve their effectiveness through expert opinion. Lack of interest by governmental agencies was the major obstacle for the development of conservation projects in Argentina. However, this factor appears to have evolved positively in the last 5 years. The limited participation of local communities and lack of funds were recognized as additional impediments, which showed variable temporal trends. The inadequacies of the education system and the lack of interdisciplinary approaches represented less important diffi culties. Twenty-nine current carnivore conservation projects were recorded in 19 of the 23 Argentinean provinces, with a concentration in Neuquén and some northern provinces.Although 78.6% of the species of native carnivores forms part of at least one project, less than half of them are the focal species of a project. The number of projects per species ranges from 16 (for Puma concolor) to cero (for Pteronura brasiliensis, Lontra felina, Lyncodon patagonicus, Conepatus humboldtii, and Leopardus guigna). Whereas the number of projects/species was not related to a species' conservation status, we found a positive association between this indicator of conservation effort and body size. We provide suggestions to reduce biases and identify taxonomic and geographic priorities that will enable to improve the use of the limited resources available for the conservation of carnivores in Argentina. ; Debido a la gran diversidad (28 especies) y el delicado estado de conservación (57,1% de especies con amenaza de extinción) de los carnívoros terrestres en Argentina, nos propusimos recopilar información sobre los esfuerzos actuales de conservación en este país y, mediante consulta a expertos, identifi car medidas para mejorar su efi cacia. El principal obstáculo encontrado para la implementación de proyectos de conservación en Argentina fue la falta de interés por parte de entes gubernamentales, aunque este factor habría evolucionado positivamente en los últimos 5 años. La limitada participación de las comunidades locales y la escasez de fondos fueron otros problemas importantes y con tendencia variable entre proyectos. Las carencias en el sistema educativo y de enfoques interdisciplinarios representarían obstáculos menos relevantes. Se registraron 29 proyectos de conservación de los carnívoros en desarrollo en 19 de las 23 provincias argentinas, con mayor concentración en Neuquén y provincias del norte del país. El 78,6% de las especies de carnívoros nativos es objeto de uno o más proyectos, pero menos de la mitad son el foco de un proyecto. El número de proyectos por especie varía entre 16 (para Puma concolor) y cero (para Pteronura brasiliensis, Lontra felina, Lyncodon patagonicus, Conepatus humboldtii y Leopardus guigna). La cantidad de proyectos por especie no resultó relacionada con su estado de conservación, pero sí con su tamaño corporal. Se brindan pautas para corregir sesgos y establecer prioridades taxonómicas y geográfi cas y así mejorar el uso de los limitados recursos disponibles para la conservación de los carnívoros argentinos.