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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contents -- Contents -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Living Conditions of Single Parents -- 2.1 State of Research -- 2.2 Heterogeneity of Single Parenthood -- 3: Definitions -- 3.1 Definitional Approaches -- 3.1.1 Subjective Definitions -- 3.1.2 Legal Definitions -- 3.1.3 Social and Administrative Definitions -- 3.1.4 Definitions in Official Statistics -- 3.2 Single Parenthood in the Life Course -- 3.2.1 Living Arrangements -- 3.2.2 Risks -- 4: Macrostructural Conditions -- 4.1 Historical and Geographical Contexts -- 4.2 Single Parenthood in the Welfare State: Classical Approaches -- 4.3 Life Course and Welfare State -- 4.3.1 The Fordist Life Cycle -- 4.3.2 Social Change and Risk Management -- 4.4 Risk Types -- 4.5 Empirical Mapping of Single Parenthood as a Living Arrangement in the Welfare State -- 4.5.1 Methodological Aspects -- 4.5.2 Data -- 5: Timing of Single Parenthood and Family Policy -- 5.1 Parental Leave Reform -- 5.2 Analytical Approach -- 5.2.1 Before and After Design -- 5.2.2 Data -- 5.2.3 Methods -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Transitions -- 5.3.2 Marital Status -- 5.4 Summary and Discussion -- 6: Single Parenthood and Social Integration -- 6.1 Social Integration Over the Life Course -- 6.1.1 Linked Lives -- 6.1.2 Time and Place -- 6.2 Analytical Approach -- 6.2.1 Dependent Variables -- 6.2.2 Independent Variables -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Frequency of Contact in East and West Germany -- 6.3.2 Effects of the Transition to Single Parenthood on Contacts -- 6.3.3 Frequency of Contact by Marital Status of Single Parents -- 6.4 Summary -- 7: Discussion -- 7.1 Demographic Trends -- 7.2 Data Availability -- 7.3 Support Potential -- 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- Appendix -- References.

This book analyses theoretically and empirically why some single mothers are less disadvantaged than others. It argues that single parenthood is associated with different risks, depending on the stage in the life course at which it is experienced and on the institutional protection provided at the respective stage of the life course. The content Living conditions of single parents.- Definitions.- Macrostructural conditions.- Timing of single parenthood and family policy.- Single parenthood and social integration.- Discussion The target groups Family sociologists, social policy scholars The author Dr. Hannah Zagel is Head of the research group "Varieties of Reproduction Regimes" at the WZB Berlin Social Science zagel. This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

Dieses Buch analysiert theoretisch und empirisch, warum einige alleinerziehende Mütter weniger benachteiligt sind als andere. Es wird argumentiert, dass Alleinerziehen mit unterschiedlichen Risiken verbunden ist, je nachdem an welchem Abschnitt im Lebensverlauf es erlebt wird, und welche institutionelle Absicherung die jeweilige Phase des Lebensverlaufs erfährt. Empirisch werden am Beispiel Deutschlands mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels Unterschiede in ökonomischen und sozialen Lebensbedingungen zwischen Alleinerziehenden untersucht. Der Inhalt Lebensbedingungen Alleinerziehender.- Begriffsbestimmung.- Makrostrukturelle Bedingungen.- Timing des Alleinerziehens und Familienpolitik.- Alleinerziehen und soziale Integration.- Diskussion Die Zielgruppen Familiensoziologinnen und -soziologen Die Autorin Dr. Hannah Zagel ist Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin (Postdoc) am Lehrbereich Mikrosoziologie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe Demographie und Ungleichheit am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung

Abstract
This paper investigates how familialist repronormativity, pro-natalism and reproductive autonomy feature as normative models for reproductive life courses in Germany's current landscape of reproduction policies. Life course research has largely overlooked reproduction as a life course sphere, which is subject to state intervention and strong institutionalised normative assumptions about whether, when and how people should procreate. Drawing on policy documents and a new policy database, this paper compares the current state of reproduction policies in five policy fields (sex education, contraception, abortion, medically assisted reproduction and pregnancy care) to ideal-typical normative orientations towards reproductive life courses. The result is a more systematic understanding of the multidimensionality that is inherent to "life course modelling" (Leisering 2003) of the reproductive life sphere.

Franziska Schutzbach: Politiken der Generativität - Reproduktive Gesundheit, Bevölkerung und Geschlecht: Das Beispiel der Weltgesundheitsorganisation. Gender Studies. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag 2020. 978-3-8394-5022-2. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839450222

Existing studies on single mothers' social contacts often examine small selective samples and are mostly cross-sectional. The lack of high-quality longitudinal survey data on this subject constrains the possibility to draw more generalizable conclusions. This paper exploits panel data to investigate whether transitions to single motherhood affect contact frequency. Fixed-effects models are used on the six waves of the German 'Socio-economic Panel' survey that contain social contact data (1990, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013) for analyzing whether single motherhood is associated with changes in contact frequency with family and non-family members. Findings show that women transitioning to single motherhood maintain contact with family and non-family members. Single motherhood is unlikely to cause mothers' structural isolation. However, the absence of a second parent in the household neither seems to be connected with an increase in contact frequency with others. Providing a more generalised account of single mothers' social contacts over time than previous research, the present study does not find evidence for a disintegrative effect of single motherhood.

This study investigates housing conditions of single mothers in the context of housing policies. We study single mothers' probability to experience housing deprivation, overcrowded housing, overburdening costs of housing, and neighbourhood problems across European countries. We consider the structural consequences of home ownership rates, and policies related to regulation of rental markets, housing benefits and housing prices. We apply a multi-level framework to EU-SILC data on 21,937 single mothers, from 195 country-years and covering 21 European countries from 2008 to 2017. First, we find a trade-off in the provision of free housing or housing at reduced rents, that helps to reduce housing cost overburden for single mothers, but is also associated with higher rates of housing deprivation, overcrowding and neighbourhood problems. Next, in contexts with stricter rental market regulation, single mothers' housing deprivation is lower. Higher housing benefits reduce the risk of housing deprivation as well as overcrowding, but in contexts where home ownership is common, single mothers tend to experience more overcrowding. Single mothers are more likely to report neighbourhood problems in societies where housing prices are high. Our findings suggest that factors within the control of policy makers can be beneficial to the housing conditions of single mothers.

This paper investigates whether choice has gained importance as a political narrative and factually in care policies in Germany and the Netherlands since the late 1980s. Previous literature suggests that welfare reform introduced an increasing focus on choice in various policy areas in Bismarckian welfare states and beyond, but whether choice is a central aspect across different care policies is not well understood. We argue that choice is an important component for analysing change in family-related policies, because it reflects how much welfare states have moved towards supporting individualism in family arrangements. Moreover, economic as well as sociological research is interested in choice due to its association with quality of care and inequalities. By analysing maternity care policies alongside childcare policies, we also add a hitherto often neglected state intervention in family life, i.e. policies addressing pregnancy and childbirth.

Zentrale theoretische Konzepte der vergleichenden Familienpolitikforschung wie Familisierung und Defamilisierung sind für empirische Anwendungen bisher wenig ausgearbeitet worden, obgleich das Interesse an Auswirkungen von Familienpolitik in den letzten Jahren merklich gestiegen ist. Die bestehende Literatur zur vergleichenden Familienpolitikforschung befasst sich hingegen häufig umfangreich mit den theoretischen Konzepten. Gerade im Vergleich zu der inzwischen vertieft geführten Diskussion zur Messung des Konzeptes der Dekommodifizierung, wird deutlich, dass Ansätze zur empirischen Umsetzung von (De-)familisierung bislang nur wenig aus methodischer Sicht thematisiert wurden. Beiträge, in der die Operationalisierung der Konzepte für die Anwendung in quantitativen Analysen verhandelt wird, sind selten. Dieser Beitrag fasst eigene Vorarbeiten zur Konzeptualisierung und Messung von De-/Familisierung zusammen und diskutiert mögliche folgende Schritte.

Family policy is not easily conceptualized or measured in comparative research. Previous approaches are highly diverse and have yielded mixed empirical results in terms of placing countries' family policy profiles in the international landscape and mapping their trajectories. This article reviews the long-standing discussion of the familization and defamilization concepts popular in comparative research, derives a conceptual framework and provides an in-depth discussion of current empirical approaches. It tackles the lacking consensus on how familization and defamilization are measured, arguing that interventions in gender-specific and intergenerational dependencies are the key dimensions and that measurement at policy level is best suited to capture within- and cross-country variation in family policy. Using data on 21 European countries, the article proposes measures that acknowledge the different dimensions of familization and defamilization. The proposed indicators prove to be useful for mapping a range of European countries' family policy constellations but are bound by data restrictions. Therefore, the article makes a strong claim for improving the availability of internationally comparable family policy data.

This study investigates whether generous family policies at the transition to parenthood reduce single and partnered mothers' economic disadvantages later in the life course. Previous research usually focused on the immediate effects of family policies and disregards potential longer-term effects. In this study, we suggest taking a life-course perspective to study the relationships between family policy and mothers' poverty risks. We empirically investigate how investment in child benefits, childcare services and parental leave measures at the transition to parenthood are associated with poverty outcomes at later life stages and whether these associations hold over time. We draw on pooled EU-SILC data, and an original policy dataset based on OECD expenditure data for child benefits, childcare and parental leave from 1994 to 2015. We find that mothers' observed increase in poverty over time is slower in countries with high levels of spending for childcare at the transition to parenthood than in lower spending countries. The gap between partnered and single mothers was also diminishing in contexts of high childcare expenditure. For the other two policies, we did not find these links. These results do lend support to the claim that childcare is a prime example of a social investment policy with returns later in the life course and represents a life-course policy that seems to be able to disrupt economic path dependencies. The results for the other two policies suggest, however, a limited potential of family policy spending at transition to parenthood to reduce the poverty gap between partnered and single mothers over the course of life.