Suchergebnisse

Energy has a strategic role in the economic and social development of countries. In the last few decades, energy demand has been increasing exponentially across the world, and predicting energy demand has become one of the main concerns in many countries. The residential and commercial sectors constitute about 34.7% of global energy consumption. Anticipating energy demand in these sectors will help governments to supply energy sources and to develop their sustainable energy plans such as using renewable and non-renewable energy potentials for the development of a secure and environmentally friendly energy system. Modeling energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors enables identification of the influential economic, social, and technological factors, resulting in a secure level of energy supply. In this paper, we forecast residential and commercial energy demands in Iran using three different machine learning methods, including multiple linear regression, logarithmic multiple linear regression methods, and nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input artificial neural networks. These models are developed based on several factors, including the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption, gross domestic production, population, natural gas price, and the electricity price. According to the results of the three machine learning methods applied in our study, by 2040, Iranian residential and commercial energy consumption will be 76.97, 96.42 and 128.09 Mtoe, respectively. Results show that Iran must develop and implement new policies to increase the share of renewable energy supply in final energy consumption. ; Peer reviewed

Lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) has been considered to be a better metric to explain nanoparticle toxicity instead of the commonly used particulate mass concentration. LDSA concentrations can be obtained either by direct measurements or by calculation based on the empirical lung deposition model and measurements of particle size distribution. However, the LDSA or size distribution measurements are neither compulsory nor regulated by the government. As a result, LDSA data are often scarce spatially and temporally. In light of this, we developed a novel statistical model, named the input-adaptive mixed-effects (IAME) model, to estimate LDSA based on other already existing measurements of air pollutant variables and meteorological conditions. During the measurement period in 2017-2018, we retrieved LDSA data measured by Pegasor AQ Urban and other variables at a street canyon (SC, average LDSA Combining double low line 19.7 ± 11.3 μm2 cm-3) site and an urban background (UB, average LDSA Combining double low line 11.2 ± 7.1 μm2 cm-3) site in Helsinki, Finland. For the continuous estimation of LDSA, the IAME model was automatised to select the best combination of input variables, including a maximum of three fixed effect variables and three time indictors as random effect variables. Altogether, 696 submodels were generated and ranked by the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and centred root-mean-square difference (cRMSD) in order. At the SC site, the LDSA concentrations were best estimated by mass concentration of particle of diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), total particle number concentration (PNC) and black carbon (BC), all of which are closely connected with the vehicular emissions. At the UB site, the LDSA concentrations were found to be correlated with PM2.5, BC and carbon monoxide (CO). The accuracy of the overall model was better at the SC site (R2Combining double low line0.80, MAE Combining double low line 3.7 μm2 cm-3) than at the UB site (R2Combining double low line0.77, MAE Combining double low line 2.3 μm2 cm-3), plausibly because the LDSA source was more tightly controlled by the close-by vehicular emission source. The results also demonstrated that the additional adjustment by taking random effects into account improved the sensitivity and the accuracy of the fixed effect model. Due to its adaptive input selection and inclusion of random effects, IAME could fill up missing data or even serve as a network of virtual sensors to complement the measurements at reference stations. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed

Lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) has been considered to be a better metric to explain nanoparticle toxicity instead of the commonly used particulate mass concentration. LDSA concentrations can be obtained either by direct measurements or by calculation based on the empirical lung deposition model and measurements of particle size distribution. However, the LDSA or size distribution measurements are neither compulsory nor regulated by the government. As a result, LDSA data are often scarce spatially and temporally. In light of this, we developed a novel statistical model, named the input-adaptive mixed-effects (IAME) model, to estimate LDSA based on other already existing measurements of air pollutant variables and meteorological conditions. During the measurement period in 2017–2018, we retrieved LDSA data measured by Pegasor AQ Urban and other variables at a street canyon (SC, average LDSA = 19.7 ± 11.3 µ m 2 cm −3 ) site and an urban background (UB, average LDSA = 11.2 ± 7.1 µ m 2 cm −3 ) site in Helsinki, Finland. For the continuous estimation of LDSA, the IAME model was automatised to select the best combination of input variables, including a maximum of three fixed effect variables and three time indictors as random effect variables. Altogether, 696 submodels were generated and ranked by the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), mean absolute error (MAE) and centred root-mean-square difference (cRMSD) in order. At the SC site, the LDSA concentrations were best estimated by mass concentration of particle of diameters smaller than 2.5 µ m (PM 2.5 ), total particle number concentration (PNC) and black carbon (BC), all of which are closely connected with the vehicular emissions. At the UB site, the LDSA concentrations were found to be correlated with PM 2.5 , BC and carbon monoxide (CO). The accuracy of the overall model was better at the SC site ( R 2 =0.80 , MAE = 3.7 µ m 2 cm −3 ) than at the UB site ( R 2 =0.77 , MAE = 2.3 µ m 2 cm −3 ), plausibly because the LDSA source was more tightly controlled by the close-by vehicular emission source. The results also demonstrated that the additional adjustment by taking random effects into account improved the sensitivity and the accuracy of the fixed effect model. Due to its adaptive input selection and inclusion of random effects, IAME could fill up missing data or even serve as a network of virtual sensors to complement the measurements at reference stations.

Lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) has been considered to be a better metric to explain nanoparticle toxicity instead of the commonly used particulate mass concentration. LDSA concentrations can be obtained either by direct measurements or by calculation based on the empirical lung deposition model and measurements of particle size distribution. However, the LDSA or size distribution measurements are neither compulsory nor regulated by the government. As a result, LDSA data are often scarce spatially and temporally. In light of this, we developed a novel statistical model, named the input-adaptive mixed-effects (IAME) model, to estimate LDSA based on other already existing measurements of air pollutant variables and meteorological conditions. During the measurement period in 2017–2018, we retrieved LDSA data measured by Pegasor AQ Urban and other variables at a street canyon (SC, average LDSA = 19.7 ± 11.3 µm2 cm−3) site and an urban background (UB, average LDSA = 11.2 ± 7.1 µm2 cm−3) site in Helsinki, Finland. For the continuous estimation of LDSA, the IAME model was automatised to select the best combination of input variables, including a maximum of three fixed effect variables and three time indictors as random effect variables. Altogether, 696 submodels were generated and ranked by the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and centred root-mean-square difference (cRMSD) in order. At the SC site, the LDSA concentrations were best estimated by mass concentration of particle of diameters smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), total particle number concentration (PNC) and black carbon (BC), all of which are closely connected with the vehicular emissions. At the UB site, the LDSA concentrations were found to be correlated with PM2.5, BC and carbon monoxide (CO). The accuracy of the overall model was better at the SC site (R2=0.80, MAE = 3.7 µm2 cm−3) than at the UB site (R2=0.77, MAE = 2.3 µm2 cm−3), plausibly because the LDSA source was more tightly controlled by the close-by vehicular emission source. The results also demonstrated that the additional adjustment by taking random effects into account improved the sensitivity and the accuracy of the fixed effect model. Due to its adaptive input selection and inclusion of random effects, IAME could fill up missing data or even serve as a network of virtual sensors to complement the measurements at reference stations. ; Peer reviewed

Lung deposited surface area (LDSA) has been considered to be a better metric to explain nanoparticle toxicity instead of the commonly used particulate mass concentration. LDSA concentrations can be obtained either by direct measurements or by calculation based on the empirical lung deposition model and measurements of particle size distribution. However, the LDSA or size distribution measurements are neither compulsory nor regulated by the government. As a result, LDSA data are often scarce spatially and temporally. In light of this, we develop a novel statistical model, named input-adaptive mixed-effects (IAME) model, to estimate LDSA based on other already existing measurements of air pollutant variables and meteorological conditions. During the measurement period in 2017–2018, we retrieved LDSA data measured by Pegasor AQ Urban and other variables at a street canyon (SC, average LDSA = 19.7 ± 11.3 μm 2 cm −3 ) site and an urban background (UB, average LDSA = 11.2 ± 7.1 μm 2 cm −3 ) site in Helsinki, Finland. For the continuous estimation of LDSA, IAME model is automatised to select the best combination of input variables, including a maximum of three fixed effect variables and three time indictors as random effect variables. Altogether, 696 sub-models were generated and ranked by the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), mean absolute error ( MAE ) and centred root-mean-square differences ( cRMSD ) in order. At the SC site, the LDSA concentrations were best estimated by mass concentration of particle of diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), total particle number concentration (PNC) and black carbon (BC), all of which are closely connected with the vehicular emissions. At the UB site the LDSA concentrations were found to be correlated with PM 2.5 , BC and carbon monoxide (CO). The accuracy of the overall model was better at the SC site ( R 2 = 0.80, MAE = 3.7 μm 2 cm −3 ) than at the UB site ( R 2 = 0.77, MAE = 2.3 μm 2 cm −3 ) plausibly because the LDSA source was more tightly controlled by the close-by vehicular emission source. The results also demonstrate that the additional adjustment by taking random effects into account improves the sensitivity and the accuracy of the fixed effect model. Due to its adaptive input selection and inclusion of random effects, IAME could fill up missing data or even serve as a network of virtual sensors to complement the measurements at reference stations.